Social Psychology

Front 1

initially a term for enhanced performance in the presence of others; now a broader term for the effect - positive or negative - of the presence of others on performance

Back 1

social facilitation

Front 2

in a hierarchy of responses the response you are most likely to make

Back 2

dominant response

Front 3

a concern about how one appears in the eyes of others - that is, about being evaluated

Back 3

evaluation apprehension

Front 4

a theory based on the idea that being aware of another person's presence creates a conflict between attending to that person and attending to the task at hand it is this attentional conflict that is arousing and that produces social facilitation effects

Back 4

distraction-conflict theory

Front 5

the tendency to exert less effort when working on a group task in which individual contributions cannot be monitored

Back 5

social loafing

Front 6

those behaviors that only surface when people are in groups

Back 6

emergent properties of groups

Front 7

the reduced sense of individual identity accompanied by diminished self-regulation that comes over a person when he or she is in a large group

Back 7

deindividuation

Front 8

urging a person who is on the verge of committing suicide to take his life

Back 8

suicide baiting

Front 9

emphasizing individual identity by focusing attention on the self, which will generally lead a person to act carefully and deliberately an in accordance with his or her sense of propriety and values

Back 9

individuation

Front 10

a theory that predicts that when people focus their attention inward on themselves, they become concerned with self-evaluation and how their current behavior conforms to their internal standards and values

Back 10

self-awareness theory

Front 11

initially a term for enhanced performance in the presence of others; now a broader term for the effect - positive or negative - of the presence of others on performance

Back 11

social facilitation

Front 12

in a hierarchy of responses the response you are most likely to make

Back 12

dominant response

Front 13

a concern about how one appears in the eyes of others - that is, about being evaluated

Back 13

evaluation apprehension

Front 14

a theory based on the idea that being aware of another person's presence creates a conflict between attending to that person and attending to the task at hand it is this attentional conflict that is arousing and that produces social facilitation effects

Back 14

distraction-conflict theory

Front 15

the tendency to exert less effort when working on a group task in which individual contributions cannot be monitored

Back 15

social loafing

Front 16

those behaviors that only surface when people are in groups

Back 16

emergent properties of groups

Front 17

the reduced sense of individual identity accompanied by diminished self-regulation that comes over a person when he or she is in a large group

Back 17

deindividuation

Front 18

urging a person who is on the verge of committing suicide to take his life

Back 18

suicide baiting

Front 19

emphasizing individual identity by focusing attention on the self, which will generally lead a person to act carefully and deliberately an in accordance with his or her sense of propriety and values

Back 19

individuation

Front 20

a theory that predicts that when people focus their attention inward on themselves, they become concerned with self-evaluation and how their current behavior conforms to their internal standards and values

Back 20

self-awareness theory

Front 21

people's conviction that other people are attending to them - to their appearance and behavior - more than is actually the case

Back 21

spotlight effect

Front 22

an understanding of the existence and properties of a separate self and its characteristics

Back 22

self-concept

Front 23

consistent ways that people think, feel, and act across classes of situations

Back 23

traits

Front 24

fiver personality traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) that psychologists believe are the basic building blocks of personality

Back 24

five-factor model (big five)

Front 25

the degree to which traits or physical characteristics are determined by genes, and hence inherited from parents

Back 25

heritability

Front 26

twins who originate from a single fertilized egg that splits into two exact replicas that then develop into two genetically identical individuals

Back 26

monozygotic

Front 27

twins who originate from two different eggs fertilized by different sperm cells; like ordinary siblings, they share on average half of their genes

Back 27

dizygotic

Front 28

a principle that maintains that siblings develop into quite different people so that they can peacefully occupy different niches within the family environment

Back 28

diversification

Front 29

the hypothesis that we identify what makes us unique in each particular context, and we highlight that in our self-definition

Back 29

distinctiveness hypothesis

Front 30

the hypothesis that we compare ourselves to other people in order to evaluate our opinions, abilities, and internal states

Back 30

social comparison theory

Front 31

beliefs about the roles, duties, and obligations we assume in groups

Back 31

social beliefs

Front 32

beliefs about our identities in specific relationships

Back 32

relational self-beliefs

Front 33

our identity and beliefs as they relate to the social categories to which we belong

Back 33

collective self

Front 34

the tendency to elaborate upon and recall information that is integrated into our self-knowledge

Back 34

self-reference effect

Front 35

knowledge-based summaries of our feelings and actions and how we understand others' views about the self

Back 35

self-schemas

Front 36

a theory that appropriate behavior is motivated by cultural and moral standards regarding the ideal self and the ought self. violations of those standards produce emotions like guilt and shame when they are not adhered to

Back 36

self-discrepancy theory

Front 37

the self we truly believe ourselves to be

Back 37

actual self

Front 38

the self that embodies the wishes and aspirations we and other people maintain about ourselves

Back 38

ideal self

Front 39

a focus on positive outcomes, approach-related behavior, and cheerful emotions that help us live up to our ideals and aspirations

Back 39

promotion focus

Front 40

the self that is concerned with the duties, obligations, and external demands we feel we are compelled to honor

Back 40

ought self

Front 41

a sensitivity to negative outcomes often motivated by a desire to live up to our ought self and to avoid the guilt or anxiety that results when we fail to live up to our sense of what we ought to do

Back 41

prevention focus

Front 42

the tendency to judge others' personalities according to their similarity or dissimilarity to our own personality

Back 42

self-image bias

Front 43

the positive or negative overall evaluation you have of yourself

Back 43

self-esteem

Front 44

the enduring level of confidence and affection that people have for their defining abilities and characteristics across time

Back 44

trait self-esteem

Front 45

the dynamic changeable self-evaluations that are experienced as momentary feelings about the self

Back 45

state self-esteem

Front 46

an account of self-esteem maintaining that self-esteem is contingent on successes and failures in domains upon which a person has based his or her self-worth

Back 46

contingencies of self-worth

Front 47

a hypothesis that maintains that self-esteem is an internal, subjective index or marker of the extent to which we are included or looked on favorably by others

Back 47

sociometer hypothesis

Front 48

a model that maintains that we are motivated to view ourselves in a favorable light and that we do so through two processes: reflection and social comparison

Back 48

self-evaluation maintenance model

Front 49

a theory that holds that we strive for stable, accurate beliefs about the self because such beliefs give us a sense of coherence

Back 49

self-verification theory

Front 50

customary facial expressions, posture, gait, clothes, haircuts, and bodily decorations, which signal to others important facets of our identity, and by implication, how we are to be treated an construed by others

Back 50

identity cues

Front 51

presenting who we actually are, or who we would like others to believe we are

Back 51

self-presentation

Front 52

attempting to control the beliefs other people have of us

Back 52

impression management

Front 53

who we want others to think we are

Back 53

face

Front 54

our awareness of what other people think about us, our public identity

Back 54

public self-consciousness

Front 55

our awareness of our interior lives - our private thoughts, feelings, and sensations

Back 55

private self-consciousness

Front 56

the tendency for people to monitor their behavior in such a way that it fits the demands of the current situation

Back 56

self-monitoring

Front 57

the tendency to engage in self-defeating behaviors in order to prevent others from drawing unwanted attributions about the self as a result of poor performance

Back 57

self-handicapping

Front 58

the statements we make that we intend to be taken literally

Back 58

on-record communication

Front 59

indirect and ambiguous communication that allows us to hint at ideas and meanings that are no explicit in the words we utter

Back 59

off-record communication

Front 60

an umbrella term used to describe the set of theoretical accounts of how people assign causes to the events around them and the effects that people's causal assessments have

Back 60

attribution theory

Front 61

linking a cause to an instance of behavior - one's own or that of other people

Back 61

attribution

Front 62

a person's habitual way of explaining events, typically assessed along 3 dimensions: interality / externality, stability / instability, globality / specificity

Back 62

explanatory style

Front 63

the idea that we should assign reduced weight to a particular cause of behavior that there are other plausible causes that might have produced it

Back 63

discounting principle

Front 64

the idea that we should assign greater weight to a particular cause of behavior if there are other causes present that normally would produce the opposite outcome

Back 64

augmentation principle

Front 65

the idea that we should attribute behavior to potential causes that co-occur with the behavior

Back 65

covariation principle

Front 66

refers to what most people would do in a given situation - that is, whether most people would behave the same way or few or no other people would behave that way

Back 66

consensus

Front 67

refers to what an individual does in different situations - that is, whether the behavior is unique to a particular situation or occurs in all situations

Back 67

distinctiveness

Front 68

refers to what an individual does in a given situation on different occasions - that is, whether next time the behavior under the same circumstances would be the same or would differ

Back 68

consistency

Front 69

thoughts of what might have, could have, or should have happened "if only" something had been done differently

Back 69

counterfactual thoughts

Front 70

a ratcheting up of an emotional reaction to an event that is proportional to how easy it is to imagine the event not happening

Back 70

emotional amplification

Front 71

the tendency to attribute failure and other bad events to external circumstances, but to attribute success and other good events to oneself

Back 71

self-serving bias

Front 72

the tendency to draw an inference about a person that corresponds to the behavior observed; also referred to as the fundamental attribution error

Back 72

correspondence bias

Front 73

a tendency to believe mistakenly that a behavior is due to a person's disposition rather than a situation in which the person finds himself

Back 73

fundamental attribution error

Front 74

the belief that people get what they deserve in life and deserve what they get

Back 74

just world hypothesis

Front 75

differences in attribution based on who is making the causal assessment; the actor who is relatively disposed to make situational attributions or the observer who is relatively disposed to make dispositional attributions

Back 75

actor-observer difference

Front 76

the tendency for people to think that their behavior as well as their attitudes, preferences, or responses more generally is relatively common

Back 76

false consensus effect

Front 77

beliefs about attributes that are thought to be characteristic of members of particular groups

Back 77

stereotypes

Front 78

a negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and its individual members

Back 78

prejudice

Front 79

unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group

Back 79

discrimination

Front 80

prejudice directed at other racial groups that exists alongside a rejection of explicitly racist beliefs

Back 80

modern racism

Front 81

a technique for revealing nonconscious prejudices toward particular groups

Back 81

implicit association test (IAT)

Front 82

a procedure used to increase the accessibility of a concept or schema for example, a stereotype

Back 82

priming

Front 83

a theory that group conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources

Back 83

realistic group conflict theory

Front 84

glorifying one's own group while vilifying other groups

Back 84

ethnocentrism

Front 85

goals that transcend the interests of one individual group and that can be achieved more readily by two or more groups working together

Back 85

superordinate goals

Front 86

an experimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria, and then examine how the members of these minimal groups are inclined to behave toward on another

Back 86

minimal group paradigm

Front 87

a theory that a person's self-concept and self-esteem not only derive from personal identity and accomplishments, but from the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which the person belongs

Back 87

social identity theory

Front 88

the tendency to take pride in the accomplishments of those with whom we are in some way associated even if it is only weakly as when fans identify with a winning team

Back 88

basking in reflected glory

Front 89

the theory that frustration leads to aggression

Back 89

frustration-aggression theory

Front 90

the tendency to assume that within-group similarity is much stronger for outgroups than for ingroups

Back 90

outgroup homogeneity effect

Front 91

acting on a belief in a way that tends to support the original belief, as when we act toward members of certain groups in ways that encourage the very behavior we expect from them

Back 91

self-fulfilling prophecy

Front 92

an erroneous belief about a connection between events, characteristics, or categories that are not, in fact, related

Back 92

illusory correlation

Front 93

the pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they co-occur

Back 93

paired distinctiveness

Front 94

processes that occur outside of our awareness, without conscious control

Back 94

automatic processes

Front 95

processes that occur with conscious direction and deliberate thought

Back 95

controlled processes

Front 96

the fear that one will confirm the stereotype that others have regarding some salient group of which one is a member

Back 96

stereotype threat