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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In an experiment, a factor that experimenters measure to see it it's affected by the independent variable.
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Dependent Variable
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The theory that when internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain the self-insight by observing their own behavior.
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Self-perception Theory
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In an experiment, a factor that experimenters manipulate to see it is affects the dependent variable.
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Independent Variable
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An emphasis on how both an individual's personality and environmental characteristics influence behavior.
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Interactionist Perspective
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A statistical measure of the strength and direction of the association between two variables.
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Correlation Coefficient
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A disclosure, made to participants after research procedures are completed, in which the researcher explains the purpose of the research, attempts to resolve any negative feelings, and emphasizes the scientific contribution made by the participants' involvement.
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Debriefing
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The finding that workers who were given special attention increased their productivity regardless of what actual changes were made in the work setting.
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Hawthorne Effect
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The theory that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others.
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Social Comparison Theory
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Strategies people use to shape what others think of them.
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Self-Presentation
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The degree to which the experimental situation resembles places and events in the real world.
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Mundane Realism
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Correlation is not causation; correlation cannot demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship. A could cause B, B could cause A, C could cause both A and B.
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Causation
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The degree to which there can be reasonable certainty that the independent variables in an experiment caused the effects obtained on the dependent variables. Fact: Indep. DID affect the dep. effects.
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Internal Validity
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The degree to which there can be reasonable confidence that the resuts of a study would be obtained for other people and in other situations. Findings can be assumed to generalize to other people and to other situations.
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External Validity
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In the context of research, a method that provides false information to participants.
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Deception
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The theory that behavior is learned through the observation of others as well as through the direct experience of rewards and punishments. We learn from the example of others as well as from direct experience with rewards & punishments.
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Social Learning Theory
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The theory that small gender differences are magnified in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women. A division of labor between the sexes has emerged over time; people behave in wats that fit the roles they play.
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Role Theory
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An affective component of the self, consisting of a person's positive and negative self-evaluations. To estimate or appraise; a state of mind that fluctuates with ups & downs.
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Self-esteem
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Behaviors designed to sabotage one's own performance in order to provide a subsequent excuse for failure. People making excuses for past performances.
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Self-handicapping
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The theory that self-focused attention leads people to notice self-discrepancies, thereby motivating either an escape from self-awareness or a change in behavior. Eyes watching you, mirror in front of you, video of yourself.
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Self-awareness
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Accomplice of an experimenter who, in dealing with the real participants in an experiment, acts as if he or she is also a participant.
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Confederates
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The process by which one's expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectancies.
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Self-fulfilling Prophecy
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A testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur.
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Hypothesis
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An organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena. Evaluated by 3 criteria: Simplicity, comprehensiveness & generativity.
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Theory
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The degree to which experimental procedures are involving to participants and lead them to behave naturally and spontaneously.
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Experimental Realism
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A personality characteristic of individuals who focus on themselves as social objects, as seen by others.
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Public self-consciousness
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A personality characteristic of individuals who are introspective, often attending their own inner states.
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Private self-consciousness
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Enacting a role that can be staggering, in part because it is so easy to confuse what we do or what we say with how we really feel. Behavior can change attitudes and having a bias changes behavior.
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Role Playing
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The scientific study of how individuals THINK, FEEL and BEHAVE in a social context.
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Social Psychology
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The tendency to change behavior in response to the self-presentation concerns of the situation. The tendency to regulate one's own behavior to melt the demands of social situations.
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Self-monitoring
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A method of assigning participants to the various conditions of an experiment so that each participant in the experiment has an equal chance of being in any of the conditions. Ensures a level playing field.
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Random Assignment
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A method of selecting participants for a study so that everyone in a population has an equal chance of being in the study.
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Random Sampling
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A form of research that can demonstrate causal relationships because (1) the experimenter has control over the events that occur and (2) participants are randomly assigned to conditions.
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Experiment
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The defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than we are.
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Downward Comparison
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The effects produced when an experimenter's expectations about the results of an experiment affect his or her behavior toward a participant and thereby influence the participant's responses. The results found in the experiment maybe produced by YOUR OWN actions rather than by the indep. variable.
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Experimenter Expectancy
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An individual's deliberate, voluntary decision to participate in research, based on the researcher's description of what will be required during such participation.
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Informed Consent
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To increase self-esteem by associating with other who are successful. We won vs. They lost.
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Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRG)
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Theory which examines patterns of interaction between the individual and the total field, or environment.
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Field Theory
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Compliment, conform, pretend to agree; a strategic attempt to get someone to like you in order to obtain compliance with a request.
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Ingratiation
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Exercise power, arise fear; intentional behavior "which would cause a person of ordinary sensibles" fear of injury or harm. It's not necessary to prove that the behavior was so violent as to cause terror that the victim was actually frightened.
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Intimidation
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The behavior expectations and cues within a society or group. "The rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors." Customary rules of behavior that coordinate our interactions with others.
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Norms
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The effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable averaging across the levels of any other independent variables.
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Main Effect
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Purely descriptive and include naturalistic observation. An example would be to unobtrusively observe children on a playground and record the # & types of aggressive actions displayed.
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Observational Methods
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Groups, societies, or cultures have values that are largely shared by their members. Values may include material comfort, wealth, compeition, individualism or religiosity.
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Value
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Specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time-targeted objectives. On a personal level, people specifying and then working towards their own objectives.
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Goal
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Children learn by observing(no direct reinforcement); when given incentives, children regardless of condition were just as aggressive; ex: model punished, model rewarded, model given no feedback.
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Bobo Doll Experiment
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Guards took on roles too seriously, experiment ended early. Guards used too much force and placed bags over prisoners heads.
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Stanford Prison Study
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Explain vs. Control research; B:to increase the understanding of human behavior, often by testing the hypothesis; A:to find solutions to practical problems.
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Basic vs. Applied Research
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Present strengths, impress others (this works, people that use this are likely to get raises)
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Self-promotion
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Arouse guilt, elicit image of integrity (parents make you feel guilty so you don't do it again; "I've worked hard all my life to pay for your school, and you're not coming home for Thanksgiving?"
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Exemplification
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Adverse dependence, helplessness(aspca commercials, someone asking help on something and then walking away once you help them leaving you to do all the work yourself)
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Supplication
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Saturation
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Satiation
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May accept the valence (attractiveness, stronger the valence, the stronger the tension state) of the goal.
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Barrier
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Starts from birth, from toys (girls:dolls, purses, ez bake; boys:g.i. joe, tonka trucks, guns), dress(girls:dresses, fairy; boys:pants, batman)
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Gender Role Orientation
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Fxns a person performs when occupying a particular position within a particular social context; ex:police officers are expected to ask for license and registration, and librarians are expected to ask you to be quiet and to know where books are located
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Roles and Role Expectations
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Occurs when people attribute their successes to internal or personal factors but attribute their failures to situational factors beyond their control. The self-serving bias can be seen in the common human tendency to take credit for successed but to deny responsibility for failure.
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Self-serving Bias
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Explanations for one's own successes that credit internal, dispositional factors and explanations for one's failures that blame external, situational factors. People protecting their self-esteem and prevent feeling vulnerable. Kind of like karma.
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Self-attribution Bias
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Consists of participants who experience all the procedures except the experimental treatment.
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Control Group
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Survey, questionnaire, or poll in which respondents read the question and selct a response by themselves without researcher interference. A way of gaining participants responses in observational studies and experiments.
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Self-reports/surveys
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Not randomly assigned, but grouped according to a characteristic that they already posses.
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Quasi-experiment
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The greater the expectation, the better the performance. Poor expectations internalize their negative label, and positive labels succeed accordingly.
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Pygmalion effect(or Rosenthal effect)
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People compare themselves to internalized standards called "self-guides". These different representations of the self can be contradictory and result in emoitonal discomfort. It is the gap between two of these self-representations.
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Self-discrepancy
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People want to be known and understood by ohers according to their firmly held beliefs&feelings about themselves. The drive for positive evaluations.
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Self-varification
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May gain similar valences(attractiveness) than the original goal.
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Substitute
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Intrinsic attractiveness(positive) or aversiveness(negative) of an event, object, or situation.
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Valence
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Behavior is a fxn of the person and the environment
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B=f(P,E)
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Reinforcement that occurs when you imitate the behavior of someone who has beed reinforced for that behavior, as when avoiding hot water having seen another person being burned by it.
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Vicarious Reinforcement
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A way of sorting and organizing older documents, whether it be digitally(photos online, emails) or manually (putting it in folders, photo albums)
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Archival Research
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An extraneous variable in a statistical model that correlated (positively or negatively) with noth the dep and the indep variable.
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Confounding Variables
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Experiment where some of the persons involved are prevented from knowing certain information that might lead to conscious or unconscious bias on their part, invalidating the results.
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Double-blind-experiment
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