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215 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of Social Psychology
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Scientific study of how feelings, thoughts, and bx are infl by social stimuli
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Historical Background
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1908 McDougall's Intro to Social Psych and Ross' Social Psychology
1930s well established with research of Lewin and Sherif |
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Field Theory - Lewin
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Person must be studied in his "life space" and be focused on "immediate present"
Analysis of conflict situations Person moves toward goals that are satisfying - positive valence Moves away from goals that have negative valence (threatens needs) |
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Lewin's Approach-Approach Conflict
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Two positive goals that are equally attractive
As person moves towards one goal the other becomes less attractive |
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Lewin's Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
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Two negatively valenced alternatives
"leave the field" move away from both Vascillate bw both and find middle ground |
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Lewin's Approach-Avoidance Conflict
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Drawn and repelled by situation at same time - Finds some middle ground
avoidance is stronger |
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The Zeigarnik Effect
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Application of field theory
Remember uncompleted tasks better than completed ones bc left in a state of disequilibrium and to reduce the tension wants to complete task |
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Least likely title of social psych research
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Effectiveness of various info dissemination strat in decreasing unempl rates in disadv pop
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Woman is in a loveless marriage to a wealthy man but if she leaves she loses money. She will
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vacillate bw leaving and staying - Lewin's field theory Avoidance-Avoidance conflict
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Social Perception
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Ways which people try to make sense of themselves, others, and groups
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Self-Concept
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Sum total of an individual's beliefs about personal attributes
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Self-Perception Theory: Bem
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Self/other concept reached by infer by observing bx and situation when internal cues are difficult to interpret - not solely on internal
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Self-Perception Theory: Schachter and Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
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1) Experience physiological arousal
2) Cognitive interpretation of that arousal Reactions of others help make interpretations Study with epinephrine and confederates Support self-perception when internal physio was ambiguous subjects obs own bx and situation |
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Overjustification Hypothesis
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Rewarding an enjoyable activity can undermine their interest in the activity
Based on in/extrinsic motivation When bx is intrinsic and is rewarded the bx is overjustified. Intrinsic loses power and no longer enjoyable Predicted by self-perception theory: obs self in bx to obtain reward and conclude thats the reason for bx |
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Social Comparison Theory - Festinger
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When obj info not avail people are uncertain about their abilities/opinions and eval by comparing self to similar (in relevant ways) others - Drive to eval our opinions and abilities.
Downward comparison: Self-esteem is at stake, feel threatened, low self-esteem, neg. characteristic |
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Self-Verification Theory
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Seek confirmation of self-concept - regardless of pos/neg.
Selective interaction to confirm Motivated to attend, recall and believe it More satis with and intimate in self-verifying relationships Depression: Seek neg feedback, rejected by others, and exacerbate sx |
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Attribution Theory
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How perceive and think about causes (rules) of what happens to themselves and others (obs bx)
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Fundamental Attribution Error - Ross
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Bx of others, underestimate situation and overestimate personal factors
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Actor-Observer Effect
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Situational attributions to our bx
Self-serving bias (Exception): Blame negative to situation and positive to person; doesn't apply to depressed/low self-esteem |
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Weiner's Attribution theory of motivation and emotion: 5 Dimensions
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1. Internal or External
2. Stable or Unstable 3. Controllable or Uncontrollable 4. Intentional or Unintentional 5. Global or Specific Intentional and specific: pride for positive and shame, blame, guilt for negative Specific and intention Rotter's Locus of In/external Control |
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Belief in a just world - Lerner
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Attribution of misfortune of others
Deserve what we get and get what we deserve Blame the victim To avoid believing that bad things can happen to us and for no reason |
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Locus of control and responsibility - Sue
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Responsibility: Person or system
Control and resp interact to create 4 world views infl by ethnicity and race 1. I control and I resp: American, narrow, succes and failure is due to person 2. I control and E resp: Believes in self within external barriers and discrim. In tune with culture and race. More active in tx 3. E control and I resp: Marginal, little control over fate, blame self and deny racism - tx explain cult barriers 4. E control and E resp: Little control (learned helplessness) and blame system: Tx: new coping, opport for success, validate person |
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Impression Formation
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Integrating info about a person to form impression
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False Consensus Bias
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Overestimate the degree to which others conform to us in opinions, attributes, and bx.
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Central Traits - Asch
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Traits that imply more about a person.
Warm - Cold |
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Primacy Effect
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Info presented early has the greatest impact - persists even when opposing evidence is presented - not in all cases does this occur
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Trait Negativity Bias
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We weigh negative info more than positive - Political compaigns
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Confirmation Bias
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Tendency to seek interpret and create info to verify our belief
Pseudopatient study (Rosenhan): 8 patient admit to hosp w/ complaint of hearing voices, acted normally, but staff believed they were psychotic but patients did not believe |
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Confirmation Bias
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Self-fulfilling prophecy: bias is so strong that it can lead to fulfillment of those expectations
Pygmalion effect: teachers were told that students were about to have an intellectual growth spurt and that 8 months later students increased 30 pts in IQ test |
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Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrim
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Stereo: Beliefs
Prejudice: Neg. feelings Discrim: Neg bx |
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Gender Role Stereotypes
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1) Men: assertive, dominant, independent, task oriented
Women: sensitive, warm, dependent, people oriented 2) Men viewed more competent 3) Use different and less positive adjectives to describe female mental health |
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Prejudice and Discrimination
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Allport: Prejudice is internalized and difficult to change
Current: Many remain prejudice but gradually changing attitudes with government laws change in positive directions |
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The Authoritarian (Predjudice) Personality - Adomo
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Conventional, rigid, sexually inhibited, submissive to authority, intolerant of others who are different.
Domineering parents who used harsh discipline F (Fascism) Scale to measure auth pers. Can not explain prejudice alone |
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Social Identity Theory - Tajfel
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personal and social identity used to enhance self-esteem. Social - belittle other group (outgroup) and seeing own group as attractive (ingroup)
Prejudice used to enhance our own self esteem |
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Reducing intergroup hostility: Robber's Cave Study - Sherif
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Mitigate group hostility through competition and cooperation
competitive and hostile groups introduced superordinate goals (shared) that required cooperation was effective |
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Reducing intergroup hostility: Jigsaw Classroom
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Method of cooperation
Material is divided into groups for teaching Less prejudice, liked school more nad had higher esteem |
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Reducing Intergroup Hostility: The Doll Study
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Clark study in 1947: Black children found white dolls as nice whereas black dolls were bad. Brown v. Topeka Kansas Board of Education (1954) cited study - creates feeling of inferiority
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Reducing intergroup hostility: The Contact Hypothesis - Allport
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Contact under these conditions:
1. Equal status groups 2. Personal contact 3. Opportunities for cooperation for shared goal 4. Social norms of situation encourage cooperation, group equality, and intergroup contact Desegregation failed bc these were not met and actually increased prejudice in white students |
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Statement consistent with self-perception theory
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I cry: Therefore I am sad
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Social comparison theory: most likely to compare to others if
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group members where similar
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According to Weiner's theory of emotion and attribution we are more likely to feel guilty about negative bx if we attribute to
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internal, specific, and controllable
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In Rosenhaun's "pseudopatient study" the faking was recognized by
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some of the hospital patients
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To increase academic perf a consultant would
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tell teachers that students are under brink of greatness
Self-fulfilling prophecy: increasing expectations can have positive effects on students |
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Subjects asked to evaluate essay on situation in Bosnia written by a male and a female. You are likely to find
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A main effect of gender of author
Main effect: occurs in males and females Interaction effect: see research design |
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Hostility among groups: recommend
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Equal status contact and shared goal
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Social Interaction
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How people relate to each other.
Affiliation, attraction, helping bx, and aggression |
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Affiliation: Anxiety (Schachter)
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Affiliation reduces fear and anxiety
Study: people had tendency to want to wait with others before receiving electric shock v. alone 1st born and only children strongest need and decreased for later born Exception: in situations of survival rather be with who have successfully undergone experience and are better informed |
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Gender & Affiliation
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Females: more time in conversation, likely to talk to same sex, affiliate more in public than males, depend more on verbal communication
Male: shared activities |
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Variables Related to Interpersonal Attractiveness: Proximity
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Mere exposure effect (Zajonc): repeated contact sufficient to increase attraction
Doesn't guarantee positive social interaction but provides opport for interaction |
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Variables Related to Interpersonal Attractiveness: Similarity
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demo, personality, and attitudes similar to are more liked
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Variables Related to Physical Attractiveness: Complementarity
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Oppos attract - assoc w/ greater attraction
Complementarity of resources |
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Variables Related to Interpersonal Attractiveness: Physical Attractiveness
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More favorably treated starts in childhood, more popular
What is beautiful is good bias - believed to possess other positive characteristics |
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Variables Related to Interpersonal Attractiveness: Self-Disclosure
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Increases liking if moderate and gradual, appropriate to situation, and reciprocal, same level
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Variables Related to Interpersonal Attractiveness: Reciprocity
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Like others who like us, esp if selective in liking not a person who is indiscriminate, greater when a person 1st disliked us
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Variables Related to Interpersonal Attractiveness: costs and benefits
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Social Exchange theory (Thibaut & Kelly) We like others when it benefits more than costs
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Emotion-in-relationships Model (berscheid's)
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Pos and neg emotions arise when partner disconfirms expectations
Early relationship: Fewer expectations therefore more surprised, more emotion Over time: more expect, meeting expect, less likely to exp strong emot (stale), unexpected = strong emot Unreal expect, disconfirmed, negative emot, freq presented in relation tx |
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Altruistic and Prosocial BX: Helping BX
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Kitty Genovese
Bystander Apathy (Latane & Darley): presence of bystanders reduce helping, more bystanders more apathy |
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Psychological causes of bystander apathy
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1. Diffusion of responsibility
2. Social influence: no one is acting and you are not too 3. Evaluation Apprehension: Action feared to be embarrassing or lead to social disapproval 4. Confusion of responsibility: afraid that will be blamed if something bad should happen after helping |
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Other factors that affect helping bx
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Prosocial bx increased when need is obvious, other is already helping, rural env (urban stimulus overload - tune out)
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Prosocial BX
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People have natural and innate tendency for empathy with selfish motives
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Prosocial BX: Cultural Infl
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More common in cultures where children resp for coop with family with chores, child rearing, greater number of siblings, and secure attachment
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Cooperation
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Non-zero-sum games: One side winning doesn't mean other side losing, cooperation results in more gains, people still compete
Prisoners dilemma: choice coop and confess other loses, coop and not confess and low penalty. People tend to choose to confess and lose |
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2 Types of Aggression
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Instrumental: Means to an end
Hostile: Venting of neg emot |
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Learned Aggression
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Bandura: Children are more likely to imitate aggression of adults if powerful, successful, like, or familiar
TV violence studies support this |
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Frustration aggression hypothesis (Dollard)
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Frust leads to aggres, and aggres always follows frust
If inhibited by fear of pun or lack of access to source of frust it is displaced to other target Frust can lead to many responses but if it continues it ultimately leads to aggres Other sources of Frust-agg: intervening cognitions. attributions, prior learning, means of dealing w/ aversive stim (Pers). Frust alone cause aggr: too simple |
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Catharsis Theory
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No support
witness or engaging in an aggressive act reduce engaging in other aggres act |
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Temperature
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High temp pos correl with crime rates
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Deindividuation (Sense of anonymity)
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Loss of sense of individuality and loosening of restraints against deviant bx.
Attend less to internal standards of conduct, react more to immed sit, less sensitive to long term conseq |
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Assigned Roles
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Zimbardo's Prison Study: Assigned institutional roles can have a powerful effect on aggres bx. Realistic reaction of prisoners and guards
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A riot breaks out, non aggre man becomes agg illustrating
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Deindividuation cause mob violence
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Zimbardo's prison study
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Both guards and prisoners adopted characteristics of role
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heart attack in public place is best when
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only 1 bystander is present - fewer more likely to help
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Most supported by research on variables related to attraction
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Birds of a feather flock together - oppos attract received less support
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Social influence
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effects people have on each other's attitudes and bx
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Conformity: Sherif
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Estimate distance of dot indiv varied and in groups reached agreement
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Conformity: Asch
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Line of same length as X line. Tested alone no errors. In groups with confederate giving wrong answer rates was 75% once wrong and 35% overall
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2 types of conformity
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1. Informational: Sherif: Using other's bx as source of accurate info in order to avoid making mistake
2. Normative: Asch: Going along with group due to pressure, desire for acceptance and avoid criticism |
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Factors influencing conformity to a group
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1. Group size: Larger more conformity to extent
2. Unanimity: If anyone dissents it reduces conformity 3. Ambiguity: more likely 4. Cohesiveness: of the group 5. Personality Characteristics: Low self-esteem, low intelligence, high need for approval, authoritarianism 3. |
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Minority Influence
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Adhere to one person based on style of bx, consistent position, not perceived as rigid, psych imbalanced or biased, not waver support of position, and not member of group arguing in favor of that group's interests.
Impact may be disliked |
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Psychological resistance
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Conformity and compliance less likely in situations where the person feels freedom to choose is threatened and may behave in opposing direction
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Compliance
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Agree to requests (Conform: adhere to norms)
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Compliance Techniques
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1. Foot in the door: Start with small request and proceed to larger. Once we observe complying with small, we comply with larger to remain consistent
2. Door in the face: Make large request, rejected, make reasonable request. 3. Low-balling: Secure agreement with request and then increase size of request by revealing hidden costs - effective |
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Minority Influence: Idiosyncrasy Credit
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Must be part of group before being leader "brownie points"
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Obedience to Authority: Milgram's Study
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Shock to confederate study.
DV: How much shock a naive subject would admin. Psychiatrists predicted 1% would admin highest voltage - 65% did Obedience slipped when experimenter commanded via phone - 25% shocked at highest and some lied that were giving shock |
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Obedience to Authority: Milgram's Findings
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1. Willing to obey destructive authority at greater rate than experts predicted
2. When a person is perceived as authority , obed increases 3. More likely to obey to hurt an anonymous victim 4. If subjects made to feel that authority is responsible for consequences more likely to obey 5. Presence of others that don't obey decreases obedience |
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6 Bases of Social Power: French and Raven
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1. Reward
2. Coercive 3. Legitimate: Valid authority in sit 4. Referent: Attraction or desire to be like holder of power 5. Expert: 6. Information: Want to obtain info from them - Most effective referent and expert in acceptance and over time |
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Group Processes: Social Facilitation
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Effects of others on our perf
Presence of others enhance perf on simple and impairs on complex |
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Social Facilitation: Zajonc
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Presence of others enhances arousal to perform dominant bx, well learned correct and complex is not
Other theories believe this happens only if present person is in a position to eval perf |
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Social Loafing
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Latane: Indiv input declines in group
Simple tasks more likely than important, relevant, challenging or attractive |
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Group Decision making factors that impair quality: Group Polarization
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Group Polarization: Start off with similar and end with extreme views - Risky shift effect
1. More persuasive arguments 2. Know each others position before discussion 3. Ingroup perception |
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Group Decision making factors that impair quality: Groupthink
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Striving for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative course instead make irrational decisions impulsively
Cohesiveness, similar bkgd, group isolation, strong leader, lack of systematic procedures for dec making, new group, overest of group (illusion of invulnerability), closed minded, increased press to uniformity |
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Strategies to Reduce Groupthink
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1. Avoid insulation by bringing people from out of group
2. Refrain leader from taking strong position and encouraging criticism of judgments 3. Critical review in subgroups, with devils advocate and holding 2nd change meeting |
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Brainstorming
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Indiv working alone produce greater quantity of ideas than groups
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4 Types of Group Tasks
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1. Additive: Product is sum of all members
2. Conjunctive: Product determined by indiv with poorest perf 3. Disjunctive: determined by best perf 4. Compensatory: by perf of average member |
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Resolving Conflict: Mediation
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Leader holds no authority is there to Facilitate communication and problem solving
Successful mediation activities: 1. modify physical social structure of conflict: neutral env, time limit 2. modify issue structure: clarify issues and alt solutions 3. Increase motiv to agree by fostering trust, diffusing emot, helping see an agreement is possible |
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Resolving conflict: Arbitration
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Hold authority over decision making - voluntary, binding, final-offer
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Idiosyncrasy credits
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Conforming with a group for a long time - in order to challenge majority opinion must 1st conform to group to est credentials as competent insider - more accepted
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Your boss has legitimate power over you
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"because she's the boss" - Legitimate authority power
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Autokinetic effect
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Optical illusion where a stationary point of light appears to move in darkness - sherif experiment on group conformity
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Milgrams study
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3rd party experts underestimated obedient bx
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In groupthink, boneheaded decisions don't suggest
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Group get together outside work to increase sense of identity to group
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Attitudes
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Stable and enduring predispositions to act, think, or feel toward obj, person, or situation
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Attitude Measures: Self-report: social distance scale
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Meas degree of social contact with members of group - attitude toward diff ethnic groups
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Attitude Measures: Self-report: Semantic Differential Scale
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Assess 3 Primary dimensions of eval entity
1. favorableness (good-bad) 2. power (weak-strong), 3. activity (active-passive) |
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Attitude Measures: Self-report: Bogus Pipeline
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Address dishonest and social desirability
Hooked up to machine that "records true feelings" and people answer more honestly |
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Relationship bw attitude and bx
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Attitude is bx, cog, and affective. Often is inconsistent and therefore attitudes defined in affective terms
LaPiere Study: Asian couple and discrim. Most not discrim although had racist views. Revealed that attitude an bx weakly correl |
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Factors affecting the rel bx attitude and bx: 4 Factors for making attitudes better predictors of bx
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1. Meas of attit and bx are specific
2. Attit are well-informed 3. Infor on attit is obtained through experience 4. Attitude and readily accessible to awareness |
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Factors affecting the rel bx attitude and bx: Attitude predict bx if
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1. attit NOT inconsistent with social norms
2. Person is able to follow through (bx intention) |
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2 Theories of Attitude Change
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1. Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance theory
2. Heider's Balance Theory |
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
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Strive for cognitive consistency- where cog, emot, and bx are consistent
When inconsistent create dissonance (tension), must restore consistency -changing attit, cognition, or reducing importance of conflict |
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory: Study
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Subjects lie to confed some paid $1 and $20. Those paid 1 adjusted attit in order to justify lie. 20 lie was justif by pay.
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory: 4 steps for dissonance and attitude change
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1. Bx neg conseq
2. Feel resp for actions 3. Discrep must produce arousal 4. Attribute arousal to bx |
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Heider's Balance Theory
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Desire consistency of attit and feelings towards others. Disagree with someone you like and dislike. Either change feelings toward other or attit
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Variables related to attitude change
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Function of
1. Communicator (source) 2. Communication (msg) 3. Audience (target) |
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Communicator
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Persuasive if credible and likeable
Credibility: competence and trustworthiness Trustworthy: Argue against self-interest and not intentionally trying to change view Sleeper effect: Overtime we forget the source of msg but remember msg = initial impact of credible strong but decreases and impact of noncredible increases |
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Communication: Characteristics of Persuasive Msgs: Amount of Info
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1. Amount of info: longer msgs for people not listening offer appearance of factual info; listening longer with factual info
Weak info: short is better |
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Communication: Characteristics of Persuasive Msgs: Repetition
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Effective - mere exposure effect, brief and spread over time.
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Communication: Characteristics of Persuasive Msgs: One-sided and Two-sided arguments
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Two: opposed, well informed, educated
One: favorable, uneducated, poorly informed |
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Two-Sided Arguments: Inoculation Theory (McGuire)
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Effective way to increase resistance is to build defenses
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Communication: Characteristics of Persuasive Msgs: Discrepancy, Appeals to Fear
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Moderately discrep most effective
Effective is infl specific instructions to avoid feared danger |
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Communication: Characteristics of Persuasive Msgs: Order of presentation
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First remembered more (primacy effect) if time bw second remembered more (recency effect), none occur if both presented and assesses immediately time elapsed bw msgs and asmt.
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Target Audience
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Pers/demo: Low-self esteem greater change, no rel intelligence and gender
Forewarning: increases resistance when known that are targets for change when msg is important |
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Elaboration Likelihood Model
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2 routes of persuasive communication:
1. Central: when taking careful attent to msg, well-informed and not distracted, easily learned, and stimulated favorable thoughts 2. Peripheral: when not thinking carefully and focus on other cues, distracted, uniformed, attractiveness of communicator, tone of msg, and symbols are cues |
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Rel bw attit and bx is
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modeated by a variety of other variables
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Person pays a high fee for psychotherapy
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Believes that psychotherapy is beneficial - cog disson
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Persuasive communications that arouse fear
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effective if includes instructions on how to avoid feared consequence
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Person presenting weak version of an argument is likely to
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increase that persons resistance to argument in future - inoculation theory
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environmental psychology
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effect of env on bx
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Crowding
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Enhances feelings - Pos more neg more
When distracted felt less Social facilitation effects - lower perf complex, improve on well-learned Gender: No sign diff, Males usually more stressed |
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Personal Space
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Need is greater with age until 21
Varies for indiv, sit, and culture Americans, men, low self-esteem, and high in authoritarianism require more |
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Climate
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Temp and agg
Positive charge in atmos - positive Air pollut, humid, lunar cycles negative |
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Noise
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Neg is unpredict and uncontrol
Increase agg and reduce helping Children reduce task perf |
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Tv Viewing
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Children: read less, poor in school, less time family, 1/3 time spent, agg bx, toler agg, rein gender roles
Family reduce tv watching reported satis with fam and reduced tension |
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Social psych applied to
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law, industry, health
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Law
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1960s forensic social psych
focus on real-life courtroom activity, mock jury research |
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Jury Size
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Less than 12 more likely to convict less likely to have someone wanting to acquit
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Child witnesses
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Less accurate 5-10 but doesn't make up events
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Procedure
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Judge gives instructions to jury twice enhances recall and interp of evidence
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Evidence
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Presentation of graphic evidence = bias lower standards of proof
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Defendant Features
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Lighter sentence and lenient tx to attractive unless looks were used to commit crime
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Pretrial Publicity
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Exposed to negative more likely to convict
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Inadmisseable Evidence
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Jurors don't ignore it, rely more on it
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Eyewitness Memory
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Biased and distorted - reconstructive memory
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Health
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Psychosocial stress and how to deal with it
Type A pers and buffer effect |
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Type A Personality (Friedman and Rosenman)
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Achievement, time urgency, hostility, aggression - linked to coronary heart disease. Some variables like hostility strong link (cynical mistrust and contempt, readily express feelings
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Hardines
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Resistance to physical effects of stress, personal control, commitment, sense of purpose in work/activities, optimism of life's challenges. Personal control is strongest
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Buffer Effect (Cassel)
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Interaction bw stress and social support when stress is high buffers physical health problems
Based on perceived levels of support |
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Health Belief Model
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Helpful tool to predict and understand people
s health related decision making Perceived barriers most influential variable for predicting and explaining health bx. (Expensive, unpleasant, inconvenient, time consuming, dangerous) |
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Health Belief Model: Taking Action
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1. Desire to avoid illness
2. belief action will avoid illness 3. prevent illness by own action Bx depends on its value and belief able to achieve goal |
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Health Belief Model: Dimensions
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1. Perceived susceptibility: own subj risk of illness
2. Perceived severity: Seriousness of contracting or treating illness 3. Perceived Benefits: 4. Perceived Barriers |
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Research on effects of crowding suggest that
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males are more affected neg than females
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Helping deal with stressful situation, take steps to
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increase persons sense of control over situation
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Buffering hypothesis, effects of stress on health are mediated by
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perceived levels of social supported
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Paying someone to engage in an activity can reduce interest in that activity is supported by research on
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The Overjustification hypothesis
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Actor-observer effect refers to the tendency to attribute
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our own bx to situational factors and the bx of others to dispositional (personality) factors
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According to research on attractiveness what would least likely increase the probability that person X would be attracted to person Y
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They have graduated from different colleges but same career
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Schachter, an emotion is described as
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Interpretation of physical attraction
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People in a crowded movie theater would be disturbed if the movie was
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Boring
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According to cognitive dissonance theory
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bx change can lead to attitude change
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Best way to reduce antagonism bw 2 groups is to
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Work on a superordinate goal
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Choice to buy Cadillac or Mercedes. Choose Cadillac and begin to dislike Mercedes is predicted by which theory
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Field (approach-approach conflict), self-perception(infer attitude by obs bs), cognitive dissonance
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Prejudice against a group we don't belong to can serve to enhance self-esteem underlies
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Social Identity Theory (Ingroup)
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Allport's theory, anti-discrimination laws most likely
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Result in bx conformity but rarely change attitude
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Compare abilities to inferior is they
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Have low self-esteem
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Drug debate bw psy and radio host. Psy talks about no drugs and host says does drugs. Audience will most likely agree with psy when
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Given immediately after debate - sleeper effect if avoided bc people forget who is credible over time and just remember the msg
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Actor-observer effect
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Personality factors when explaining bx of others
Situational factors when explaining one's own bx |
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Approach-approach conflict
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Field theory: Two positive goal objects of equal attractiveness
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Approach-avoidance conflict
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Drawn and repelled by a situation at same time = vascillation bw until reach a comfortable point
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attribution
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explanation of bx
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Authoritarian personality
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respect for authority, prejudice, cyncism, and intolerance "perjudicialy personality"
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Autokinetic effect
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Optical illusion whereby a stationary point appears to move in dark - Sherif conformity experiment
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Avoidance-Avoidance conflict
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Field theory: Choose bw 2 negatively alternatives = leaving the field or vacillation until reaching equilibrium far from both equall
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Bases of social power
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Reason one person can infl another
French and Raven: 6 bases: coercive, reward, expert, legitimate, referent, and informational |
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Behavioral intention
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Intention to act in certain way
Azjen - Attitude = Bx intention = Bx |
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Belief in a just world
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Deserve what we get, Terrible things won't happen without cause, blaming the victim
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bystander apathy
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inhibition of helping when others are present
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Cognitive dissonance theory
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When a person commit self to belief or action that is inconsistent with beliefs or actions the person will experience tension/anxiety, reduce by modifying one of the cognitions
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Central traits
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Pers characteristics that stronly infl impression of others (warm, cold)
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Deindividuation
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Loss of indiv resp and increased anonymity within a group, leading indiv to behave in less socially acceptable ways
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Door-in-the-face-technique
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Gaining compliance by making a large request that will be rejected followed by an acceptable request
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Env psych (eco psych)
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effect of physical env on bx
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Field Theory
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Lewin's - bx is a function of interaction bw person and env
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Foot in the door technique
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Getting to agree to a small then raise the request
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Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
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frust always precedes agg and
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Fundamental attribution error
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Explain other bx on personality factors
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Group Polarization
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endorse an extreme position rather than their initial
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Groupthink
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Very cohesive, strive for unanimity override to appraise alternatives
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Idiosyncrasy credits
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Conform to group norms until competent insider to gain acceptance of ideas that deviate from group views
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Ilusory correlation
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cog bias to overestimate assoc bw variables that are slightly under/over correlated - neg stereotype members of outgroup
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Inoculation
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Give a small does that resistance is built.
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Locus of control
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Internal or external
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Mere exposure
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persuasion or attraction just by simple exposure
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misery loves miserable company
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Schachter - highly anxious prefer to affiliate with same
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Obedience to authority studies
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Milgram - significant harm while obeying legitimate authority, decreases if not present
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observational learning
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Agg bx, just be obs bx
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Overjustification hypothesis
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Rewarded for enjoyable activity, decrease joy
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Personal space
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distance that people prefer bw self and other
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Primacy effect
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info presented first greatest effect under impression formation or attitude change
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reactance theory
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Social pressure to conform may lead to nonconforming when freedom of choice is felt limited
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Robbers cave study
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Demonstrated how to reduce intergroup hostility while working toward subordinate goal
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Rosenhan's pseudopatient study
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Admitted to psych hosp, doctors believed ill but not patients
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Schachter's epinephrine studies
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Felt same as confederates
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
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Expectation of event to occur may make event to occur
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Self-perception theory
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Make attrib of own attitudes and bx by observing own
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Self-serving bias
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Attribute success to internal and failures to external
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Self-verification theory
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Seek confirm of self-concept, pos or neg
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Semantic differential scale
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Attitudes toward obj measured in terms of 3 dimensions
Evaluative, potency, and activity |
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social comparison
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use other people to eval own bx and attitudes
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social faciliation
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presence of other improves simple perf and inhibit complex perf
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Social identity
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Aspect of self-esteem that is based on group membership
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Social Identity Theory
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Tajfel - social identity is improved by support ingroup and belittle outgroup - enhance self-esteem
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Social loafing
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decreased indiv productivity when size of work group increases
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Stereotype
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belief about people based on their membership of group
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Superordinate goal
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goal achieved when diff groups work together
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Zimbardo's prison study
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Role expectations can infl bx
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