Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
In Milgram's obediance study, what factor decreased compliance?
|
When evidence of legitimate authority were absent (i.e. experimenter gave instructions on the phone)
|
|
|
Cognitive dissonance occurs when:
|
We have two conflicting cognitions, we experience a dissonant state, which motuvates us to change our behavior or modify a cognition to reduce the conflict
|
|
|
McGuire's inoculation theory posists:
|
That by presenting a weak version of an arguement and then refuting it, one can build up a listener's "resistance" to future stronger versions of the arguement
|
|
|
According to the James-Lange theory of emotion:
|
We cry, and then we feel sad (emotions are based on observations of our own behavior)
|
|
|
The "overjustification theory" (an outgrowth of attribution theory) posits:
|
When external motivation is offered for a task that a person is intrinsically interested in, the person's interest decreases.
|
|
|
Name the psychologist who conducted research on segregation in public schools that factored in to Brown vs. Board of Ed.
|
Kenneth Clarck - conducted the famous Doll Study which showed the detrimental effects of segregation.
|
|
|
The effects of social loafing are mitigated when:
|
The tasks are more challenging or employees receive recognition for their individual work
|
|
|
in the Prisoner's Dilemma game, it was found that people:
|
compete from the beginning (to try and get the big reward)
|
|
|
Lewin's Field Theory
|
Conflict Situations:
Appraoch-approach: two positve goals Avoidance-Avoidance: 2 negative alternatives (can leave the field if possible or vacilliatate until reaches equilibrium) Approach-voidnce:Drawn & repelled by same goal |
|
|
Bem's Self-Perception Theory
|
when internl cues are weak, people infer what they think or feel by observing their behavior
|
|
|
Two factor theory of emotion
|
Acc. to Schachter, to expereince an emotion, a person must first experience physiological arousal & then make a cogntive interpretation of that arousal (famous epinephrine study)
|
|
|
Overjustification hypothesis
|
people rewarded for a previouly enjoyable activity will lose interest in the activity (being paid for volunteer charity work)
|
|
|
Social Compariosn Theory
|
Acc. toFestinger, when an individual is uncertain bout his abilities or opinions - he will evaluate himself by comparing himself to similar others
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution Error
|
tendency in explaining the causes of others behaviors, to focus on personality characteristics rather than situational determinants
|
|
|
Actor-Observer Effect
|
tendency in making causal attributions about our own behavior to focus on siutional determinants, while for others to personality characteristics
|
|
|
Weiner's Attributional Theory of Motivation
|
Attributions are:
Internal/External Global/Specific Controllable/Uncontrollable |
|
|
False Consensus Bias
|
tendency to overestimate the degree to which others conform to us in their opinions, attributes, & behavior
|
|
|
Primacy Effect
|
tendency for information presented first to have the greatest effect on impression formation
|
|
|
Prisoners Dilemma
|
study on competition/cooperation - found that even though the best strategy is to cooperate, most people compete
|
|
|
Bystander apathy
|
The greater the number = greate the apathy. Due to:
1) Diffusion of responsibility 2) Social Influence 3) Evaluation Apprehension |
|
|
Informational Conformity
|
using anothers behavior as a source of accurate information, in order to avoid making a mistake (EMT)
|
|
|
Normative Conformity
|
"going along" with the group norm simply due to group pressure
|
|
|
Factors affecting conformity to a group
|
Group Size: Conformity increases with size, up to 3-4
Unanimity: Even one dissenter detracts Ambiguity: Increase sconformity Cohesivness: Personality Characteristics: low self-esteem, low intelligence, authritarianism |
|
|
Minority Influence
|
Increased by:
1)Consistency 2)Not perceived as rigid or biased 3)Doesn't waver 4)Not a member of the social group arguing for |
|
|
Idosyncrasy credits
|
gained by neing a competent insider and conforming to the group, allows one to deviate or become a leader
|
|
|
Milgram's Obediance Study
|
a)65% administered fatal shock
b)only 25% when the experimenter was out of the room c)48% when experiment was moved out of Yale |
|
|
Social Power
|
Refers to the ability to influence others & resist their influence on us:
1)Reward power: holder has power to reward 2)Coercive power: can punish 3)Legitimate power: based on recognition of holders power (police) 4)Referent power:based on the person's desire to be like the holder of power 5)Expert power: belief that the power holder has expertise |
|
|
Group Polarization
|
tendency of individuals who start with similar views to end up with a more extreme position after group discussion (called risky shift if risky)
|
|
|
Group Tasks
|
Additive: group product is sum of all members contributions
Conjunctive: determined by weakest link (mt. climbing) Disjunctive: strongest link Compensatory: determined by average member |
|
|
Persuasive messages that arouse fear in a targetted audience are effective if:
|
they include instructions on how to avoid the feared consequence
|
|
|
Effects of Crowding
|
Enhances preveiously felt affect (positive feelings become more positive)
Men tend to be more stressed by crowding (slightly so) |
|
|
Personal Space
|
Need increases gradually until age 21
|
|
|
Noise psychology
|
The damaging ingedients in noise:
1)Unpredictability 2)Uncontrollability |
|
|
Child Witnesses
|
Children 5-10 are somewhat less accurate witnesses than adults, but do not "misremember touces that did not occur"
|
|
|
Reconstructive memory
|
Loftus: after we see something, we add additional info to it
|
|
|
Resiiency has been linked to:
|
2)sense of personal control over events
2)sense of purpose 3)optimism in viewing adverse events as challenges |
|
|
Buffering hypothesis:
|
for a person under high levels of stress, high perceived levels of social support can buffer the person against the negative effects
|
|
|
Perceived Barriers
|
part of the Health Belief Modeal, refers to weighing the preventive disease measure against the perceptions that it is expensive, dangerous, etc.
|
|
|
Research on the approach-avoidance conflict has shown that:
|
the strength of both increases the closer you get to the goal, but the strength of the negative quality increases more
|
|
|
Research on social faciliation suggests it is related to:
|
increased arousal
|
|
|
According to self-efficacy theory, the most important variable in behavioral prediction is:
|
a belief in one's control of the outcome
|
|
|
Based on Schachter's work, one would treat an obese client by:
|
manipulating the external cues in his eating bhaviors
|
|
|
Most important factor in engendering altruism:
|
having resposibility for others (such as having younger siblings)
|
|
|
According to Weiner, high achievers tend to attribute their failure to:
|
Lack of effort (internal, unstable, & controllable)
|
|
|
According to Dollard's catharsis theory:
|
Aggressive acts - or watching aggression - can reduce a person's inclination to engage in aggression (not really supported by research)
|
|
|
According to self-verification theory, a depressed person will prefer evaluations from others that...
|
confirm their own negative self-evaluations
|
|
|
People are less likely to be bothered by the effects of crowding when...
|
the situation is attention-grabbing or arousing
|
|
|
Psychological Reactance
|
Phenomenon whereby pressure to behave in a certain way causes individuals to behave in the opposite way
|
|
|
Which basis of social power does a consultant rely on?
|
Referent & expert
|
|
|
Workers listen to their managers due primarily to which forms of power?
|
Referrent & expert
|
|
|
A therapist is most likely to exert what type of power?
|
Referent
|
