Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the Hawthorne effect?
|
Change in behavior simply because someone knows they are participating in a study
|
|
|
The three components of attitudes are:
|
affect, cognition, and behavior.
|
|
|
availability heuristic refers to:
|
the tendency to judge the frequency of an event based on how easy it is to think of examples of that event.
|
|
|
dilution effect refers to
|
the weakening of an inference about someone due to the presence of irrelevant information about him/her
|
|
|
Reactance occurs when
|
a person does not comply with a request because he/she feels that the request violates his/her sense of personal freedom
|
|
|
overjustification hypothesis refers to
|
a person’s internal motivation to perform a behavior will be weakened when he/she is provided with external reinforcement for doing so
|
|
|
When a listener is exposed to both sides of an argument, a primacy effect is most likely to occur when:
|
the second argument immediately follows the first and the attitude measure is administered at a later time
|
|
|
When a listener is exposed to both sides of an argument, a recency effect occurs when
|
there is a delay between presentation of the two sides of the argument and the attitude measure is administered immediately after the second argument
|
|
|
According the Lewin's field theory, behavior is a function of:
|
the relationship between a person and his or her environment.
|
|
|
psuedopatient hospital experiment
|
behaviors are often perceived in a manner consistent with the social environment in which they ocur
|
|
|
Equity theory
|
our percpetion of fairness is more important than rewards and costs
|
|
|
Self-perception theory
|
people identify their own internal states by observing their external behaviors or context in which they occur
|
|
|
Self-verification theory
|
people with + self-concepts prefer to interact w/others who confrm their view, and vice-versa - people need and seek confirmation of their self-concept REGARDLESS of whether it is positive or negative (thus people prefer to be right rather than happy)
|
|
|
High self-monitors
|
concerned about "public self" and attempt to match to situations
|
|
|
If one presentation immediately follows the other - what effect occurs?
|
Primacy
|
|
|
If there is a break between two presentations - what effect occurs?
|
recency
|
|
|
Central vs Peripheral route change
|
Central - listener finds message interesting/negative mood
Peripheral - message as uninteresting, but positive mood Both routes equal amount of change, central is more enduring |
|
|
Robber's cave study (Sherif)
|
found superordinate goals (achieved when both groups work cooperatively) is succesful
|
|
|
jigsaw method of learning
|
Each team assigned paticular section to learn and teach (dependant on each other). Reduce ethnic stereotyping
|
|
|
Lewin's field thoery - 3 motivational conflicts
|
Approach-approach (2 equally desirable jobs), avoidance-avoidance (2 undesirable alternatives), approach-avoidance (both + and - aspects)
|
|
|
Zeigarnik effect
|
memory tends to be better for uncompleted tasks
|
|
|
Autokinetic effect (sherif)
|
appearance that a stationary point of light is moving - used to study group conformity
|
|
|
French & Raven's 6 bases of social power
|
coercive, reward, expert, legitimate, referent, and informational
|
|
|
Schacther's conclusion
|
misery loves miserable company
|
|
|
Results from which dimension of the Health belief model provide the most information?
|
Perceived barriers (such as perception of inconvenience, expense, unpleasantness etc...)
|
|
|
When a group of people are attempting to develop solutions to problems using brainstorming, the resulting ideas, as compared to those generated by individuals working alone, are
|
fewer and of lower quality
|
|
|
When an impulsive group decision that reflects an incomplete consideration of alternatives and consequences is the result of high stress, high group cohesiveness, and a directive leader, this is an example of
|
Although group polarization and the risky shift also refer to poor decision-making, their antecedents have not been as well-defined as those associated with groupthink (i.e., only groupthink has been linked theoretically and empirically to an incomplete consideration of alternatives and consequences, high group cohesiveness
|
|
|
An actress portrays a philanthropist in a TV series. In each show, she performs an act of kindness toward a downtrodden individual or group. The actress receives a great deal of mail from fans who tell her what a fantastic person she is because she is so willing to share her time and wealth with others who are in need. The response of the actress's fans illustrates which of the following
|
The fundamental attribution bias (error) refers to the tendency of people to overestimate the contribution of dispositional factors to an actor's behavior. In the situation described in the question, the actress's fans attribute her good deeds to her rather than to the role she plays in the TV series.
|
|
|
A peripheral message is more likely to alter a person's attitude if the receiver
|
According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, persuasive messages can be communicated via a central route or a peripheral route. The central route is used when listeners think carefully about the contents of the message. When listeners do not think carefully about an argument's content, they rely more on superficial (peripheral) cues. Peripheral cues include the messengers' perceived attractiveness or expertise, and the receivers' mood. A positive mood, and in some cases fear, has been shown to increase the likelihood of attitude change. Advertisers and politicians often use strategies designed to elicit either a positive mood or fear in order to increase the persuasiveness of their message
|
|
|
Xandria's idea on how to solve a problem is at odds with how members of her team want to proceed. Research on minority influence suggests that Xandria will be most successful in convincing her fellow team members to see things her way if she
|
introduces her solution and then firmly sticks to it - Although there is probably more than one way for Xandria to get her way, research on minority influence has found that firm, consistent commitment to a position is the best way to change the opinion of the majority
|
|
|
Why might group members be reluctant to provide negative feedback to one another?
|
The "mum effect" - reluctance to communicate undesirable information
|
|
|
The tendency of sports teams to win more often when they are playing on their home court is referred to as the "home advantage" This is linked to:
|
supportive home audience
|
|
|
A supervisor attempts to increase his influence by being sensitive to the needs of his subordinates and by acting as a role model. The supervisor is relying on which of the bases of power identified by French and Raven?
|
Referent (when he is admired, liked, or respected by other people, or is viewed as a role model)
|
|
|
In the Festinger and Carlsmith study - were the $1.00 participants or the $20 participants more likely to say they enjoyed the dull experiment? Which theories is this consistent with?
|
The $1 participants. This is consistent with cognitive dissonance theory (predicts we change a cognition or behavior to reduce dissonance) and self-perception theory (predicts we evaluate our internal state by looking at external behavior)
|
|
|
What is the "prisoner's dilemma game?"
|
people are presented with a situation where if they cooperate they will each receie moderate rewards - but if they compete one will receive a big reward and the other will receive nothying. In research people tend to compete straight away - they take a risk which supports the pessimistic view of human nature
|
|
|
Research on the approach-avoidance conflict has found that:
|
As the distance between you and the goal decreases, the strength of the approach response and avoidance response increase. However, the avoidance gradient is steeper than approach - so eventually avoidance response is much stronger
|
|
|
The optimal combination of communicator credibiity and communication discrepancy for attitude change is:
|
highly credible communicator and a moderate level of discrepancy
|
|
|
What is the "sleeper effect" in regards to persuasion?
|
tendency to remember a message over time but to forget it's source (attitude change produced by high-credible communicator decreases over time)
|
|
|
What is the theory of planned behavior?
|
attributes behaviors to three factors:
1. attitudes toward behavior 2. beliefs @ people's opinions of the behavior and motivation to comply w/ people's expectations 3. intention to perform the behavior (behavioral intention) |
|
|
Jan describes her friend Tom to her other friend as "intelligent, stubborn, and critical." A week later her friend is most likely to remember Tom as: ____
why? |
Intelligent - People are more likely to remember the first item (primacy effect) in a series of presented items when there is a longer interval between recall. Her friend might have remembered Tom as critical later that same day.
|
|
|
Based on Schachter's work, one would treat a client with an obesity problem by manipulating:
|
external cues (he found that obese people rely more on external than internal cues in their eating behaviors)
|
|
|
The tendency to experience losses more heavily than gains of equal magnitude results in less risky decisions and is referred to as:
|
Loss aversion is one component in Kahneman and Tversky's prospect theory. Loss aversion refers to the tendency to base decisions more heavily on the fear of loss than the hope of gain. For example, if you heard from a friend that his mechanic did a good job fixing his car but another friend told you that the same mechanic did a poor job fixing his car, you would be less likely to risk using that mechanic. The other answer choices are terms that you should be familiar with. Risky shift (A) occurs when a group makes a decision that is riskier than would have been made by the members individually
|
|
|
In a rape case, jurors highest in their "belief in a just world" are most likely to:
|
"belief in a just world" scale tend to blame the victim for crimes, out of a need to believe that bad crimes should not occur to good people. Thus, such individuals might wonder if a short skirt or make-up invited the crime. Otherwise, these people are not systematically more prejudiced, punitive, or fair in their judgments.
|
|
|
According to Ellen Berscheid's Emotion-in-Relationships Model partners in long-term relationships are most likely to:
|
underestimate their emotional investment in the relationship when things are running smoothly - because there are fewer interruptions and less intense emotions
|
|
|
In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court made a ruling which effectively ended segregation and began the integration of public schools. This decision was, in part, based on research findings and court testimony which suggested that segregation leads to low self-esteem in black children. The psychologist who conducted this research was:
|
Kenneth and his wife Mamie Clark conducted the famous Doll Study which found that two-thirds of African-American children preferred playing with white dolls and perceived the brown dolls as "bad". During the famous Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) case, this research was cited as evidence that segregation leads to low self-esteem in African-American children
|
|
|
Research on shiftwork suggests that ____ may be preformed better on ______ shifts
|
complex mental tasks involving short-term memory, night
|
|
|
Barnum (Forer) effect
|
people tend to accept vague or general descriptions of themselves as accurate (such as horoscopes)
|
