Social Psychology

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social psychology

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the scientific study of how people's thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors are influenced by factors in the social world

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self-perception

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how we think about ourselves

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self-presentation

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how people work to convey certain images of themselves to others

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social perception

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how people form impressions of and make inferences about other people and events in the social world

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fundamental attribution error

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the tendency to overestimate the role of personal causes, and underestimate the role of situational causes in predicting behavior

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social cognition

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how we think about the social world, and in particular how we select, interpret, and use information to make judgments about the world

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social influence

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the impact of other people's attitudes and behaviors on our own thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and behavior

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self-fulfilling prophecy

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the process by which people's expectations about a person lead them to elicit behavior that confirms these expectations

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behaviorism

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a theory of learning that describes people's behavior as acquired through conditioning

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Gestalt psychology

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a theory that proposes objects are viewed holistic

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positive psychology

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a recent branch of psychology that studies individual's strengths and virtues

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hindsight bias

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the tendency to see a given outcome as inevitable once the actual outcome is known

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scientific method

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a technique for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, and/or correcting previous knowledge

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hypothesis

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a testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur

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social neuroscience

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a subfield of social psychology examining how factors in the social world influence activity in the brain, as well as how neutral processes influence attitudes and behavior

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sociocultural perspective

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a perspective describing people's behavior and mental processes as shaped in part by their social and/or cultural contract, including race, gender, and nationality

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collectivistic

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a view of the self as part of a larger social network, including family, friends, and co-workers

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individualistic

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a view of the self as distinct, autonomous, self-contained, and endowed with unique attributes

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operational definition

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a specific procedure or measure that one uses to test a hypothesis

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observational/naturalistic methods

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a research approach that involves the observation and systematic recording of a particular behavior

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archival research

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a research approach that uses already recorded behavior

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meta-analysis

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a literature review that also analyses data from many different studies

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inter-rater reliability

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the extent to which two or more coders agree on ratings of a particular measure

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event-recording measure

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a particular type of self-report or survey data where participants report various experiments they have as regular time intervals

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experimental methods

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a research approach that involves the manipulation of one or more independent variables and the measurement of one or more dependent variables

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independent variable

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the variable that is manipulated in experimental research

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dependent variable

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the factor that is measured to see if it is affected by the independent variable

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internal validity

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the degree to which one can validly draw conclusions about the effects of the interdependent variable on the dependent variable

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demand characteristics

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the features introduced into a research setting that make people aware they are participating in a study

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demand characteristics

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the features introduced into a research setting that make people aware they are participating in a study

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external validity

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the degree to which there can be reasonable confidence that the same results would be obtained for other people in other situations

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external validity

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the degree to which there can be reasonable confidence that the same results would be obtained for other people in other situations

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mundane realism

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the extent to which the conditions of the study resembles places and events that exist in the real world

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mundane realism

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the extent to which the conditions of the study resembles places and events that exist in the real world

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experimental realism

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the extent to which participants are engaged in a particular study and hence act in more spontaneous and natural ways

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experimental realism

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the extent to which participants are engaged in a particular study and hence act in more spontaneous and natural ways

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field experiments

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experiments that are conducted in natural settings

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field experiments

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experiments that are conducted in natural settings

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representative sample

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a sample that reflects the characteristics of the population at large

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representative sample

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a sample that reflects the characteristics of the population at large