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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Determinants of Attraction |
-Proximity -Physical Attractiveness -Similarity -Reciprocal Liking -Evolution |
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Why does proximity matter? |
How close you are to a person physically matters. |
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What is the propinquity effect? |
The more people see and interact with others, the more likely they are to become friends. |
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Who performed the Westgate study in correlation with the propinquity effect? |
Festinger, Schachter, and Back (1950) |
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What is mirror exposure? |
The more you are exposed to someone or something the more you like them. |
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Why does physical attractiveness matter? |
There is a stereotype that attractive people are more socially competent, extroverted, assertive, and overall happy |
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What is the halo effect? |
Attractive people=more money and good social skills |
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What is considered attractive? |
-Facial features -Symmetrical faces -Average faces preferred, no extremes. |
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Why does similarity matter? |
We like people who are similar to us. -Demographic similarity -Personality characteristics -Interpersonal Style -Physical Attractiveness -Attitudes and Values |
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Why does the attitude of others matter? |
Reciprocal liking: we like those who like us. |
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Why doe familiarity underlie attraction? |
-Proximity -Similarity -Physical Attractiveness -Reciprocal Liking |
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What is the evolutionary approach? |
Men and women are attracted to characteristics that increase reproductive success •men=women's appearance •women=men's resources |
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What are the attachment styles and what percentage are each style? |
• Secure Style- 56% • Avoidant Style- 25% • Anxious/Ambivalent - 19% |
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What is the Halo effect? |
A bias by which we tend to assume that an individual with one positive characteristic also possesses other positive characteristic. |
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Compassionate love is what? |
The feelings of intimacy and affection we have for someone that are not accompanied by passion or physiological arousal. |
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Passionate love is what? |
An intense longing we feel for a person, accompanied by physiological arousal. |
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What is the social exchange theory? |
The idea that people's feelings about a relationship depend on their perceptions of its rewards and costs, the kind of relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else. |
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What is the investment model? |
The theory that people's commitment to a relationship depends not only on their satisfaction with the relationship but also on how much they have invested in the relationship that would be lost by ending it. |
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What is the equity theory? |
The idea that people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards and costs experienced by both parties are roughly equal. |
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What are exchange relationships? |
Relationships governed by the need for equity. |
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Communal relationships are what? |
Relationships in which people's primary concern is being responsive to the other person's needs. |
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What is pro social behavior? |
Any act performed with the goal of benefitting another person. |
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What is altruism? |
The desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper. |
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What is empathy? |
Feelings of compassion, tenderness, and sympathy towards other. •created by perspective taking (putting yourself in their shoes) |
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How does the case of Kitty Genovesa demonstrate lack of empathy? |
32 people saw her getting beaten and chased, and not a single person helped. |
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Evolutionary psychology indicates what? |
Instinct |
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Norm of reciprocity is what? |
The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future. |
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Social exchange theory indicates what? |
Rewards and Costs |
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Pluralistic ignorance is what? |
The case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way, when in fact they are not. |
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Diffusion of responsibility is what? |
The phenomenon wherein each bystanders sense of responsibility to help decrease as the number of witnesses increases. |
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What is the bystander effect? |
Greater number of bystanders who witness emergency, less likely anyone will help |
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What is the Jones Beach Study (1975)? |
If people would stop a thief from taking a strangers things if the ask. |
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Diffusion of responsibility is reduced when? |
If the help request is specified. |
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What is the empathy-altruism hypothesis? |
The idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person for purely altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain. |
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What is an altruistic personality? |
The qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations |
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What is the in-group? |
The group with which an individual identifies as a member. |
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What is the out-group? |
Any group with which an individual does not identify. |
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What are factors that influence helping? |
-mood -environment -friends -gender |
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Why does good mood increase helping? |
-Good moods make us look on the bright side -Helping others can prolong our good mood -Good moods increase self-attention |
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What is the negative-state relief hypothesis? |
Negative mood will lead to increased helping if helping might restore good mood. |
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Urban overload hypothesis is what? |
When people living in cities safe constantly being bombarded with stimulation, and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overloaded by it. |
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What is prejudice? |
A negative emotional response toward a target based on group membership. |
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Prejudice is a what? |
An attitude. |
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What are the ABCs of prejudice? |
Affective: prejudice Behavioral: discrimination Cognitive: stereotypes |
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What are consequences of stereotypes? |
Judging individual group members consistent with stereotypes. |
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Stone and colleagues in 1997 studied what? |
"White men cant jump" Affects performance |
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What is the stereotype threat? |
Fear of conforming to a (negative) stereotype of a group to which one belongs. |
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What is discrimination? |
Usually negative treating of a group differently because of race, weight, age, and etc. |
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What are micro-aggressions? |
Slight put backs that minorities face. |
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Implicit prejudice is what? |
The link between group memberships and traits or evaluations. |
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What is modern prejudice? |
Outwardly acting unprejudiced while inwardly maintains prejudiced attitudes. |
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What is the justification-suppression model? |
Genuine prejudice are not directly expressed. -surprised by beliefs, values, and norms |
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What are justification factors? |
-Values (belief in the Protestant work ethic) -stereotypes -covering (using ambiguous situations as excuses) |
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What is hostile sexism? |
Women are inferior to men because they are inherently less intelligent, less competent, less rave, and less capable of math and science and so on. |
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What is benevolent sexism? |
Women are kinder than men, more empathetic, more nurturing, and so on. |
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What an implicit association test? (IAT) |
A test though to measure unconscious (implicit) prejudices according to the speed with which people can pair a target face wth a positive or negative association. |
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What is the self-fulfilling prophecy? |
An expectation of one's own or another person's behavior that comes true because of the tendency of the person holding it to act in ways that bring it about. |
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What is institutional discrimination? |
Practices that discriminate, legally or illegally, against a minority group by virtue of its ethnicity, gender, culture, age, sexual orientation, or other target of societal or company prejudice. |
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What is normative conformity? |
The tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group's expectations and gain acceptance. |
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In-group bias is what? |
The tendency to favor members of one's own group and give them special preference over people who belong to other groups; the group can be temporary and trivial as well as significant. |
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What is ethnocentrism? |
The belief that one's own ethnic group, nation or religion is superior to all others. |
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What is our-group homogeneity? |
The perception that individuals in the OUT-group are more similar to each other(homogenous) than they really are, as well as more similar than members and the in-group are. |
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What is the realistic conflict theory? |
The idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination. |
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What drives prejudice? |
Economic competition drives a good deal of prejudice. When unemployment rises, so does resentment against minorities |
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What is contact hypothesis? |
Increasing the contact between white and black children would increase the self-esteem of minority children and herald the beginning of the end of prejudice. |
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What is interdependence? |
The situation that exists when two or more groups need to depend on one another to accomplish a goal that is important to each of them. |
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What is Jigsaw classroom? |
A classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice and raise the self-esteem of children by placing them in a small, multiethnic groups and making each child dependent on the other children in the group to learn the course material. |
