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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Proximity Seeking Attachment
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prefer to be together,
distressed by separation |
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Safe Haven Attachment
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Turn to partner for support
when stressed or in danger |
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Secure Base Attachment
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Derive security from
partner, enabling exploration of and engagement with the rest of the world |
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Pure Altruism
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motive to help others in need,
totally without regard for self-interest |
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Norm of Reciprocity
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“You scratch my back,
I’ll scratch yours” |
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Inclusive Fitness
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Fitness benefits to your
genes through your genetic relatives’ offspring |
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Empathy
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understanding another’s experience by
mentally, emotionally taking their perspective |
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Attention
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The process of consciously focusing on aspects of our environment or ourselves
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Pluralistic Ignorance
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if others look calm,
each assumes nothing’s wrong, though all may be equally confused! When emergency obvious, groups inhibit helping less |
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Diffusion of Responsibility
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the more people
are present, the less each person feels a sense of personal responsibility (sound familiar?) |
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Attachment
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A biologically based emotional bond that
motivates individuals to maintain proximity to regular caregivers, people on whom you depend for protection and support |
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Secure Attachment
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Infant interacts with parent while playing
Shows moderate distress when parent leaves, looks for them and calls When parent returns goes for a hug, calms down, and plays again Parents: reliably respond to signs of distress, but go away when child is overstimulated |
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Anxious Attachment
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Seems frightened of novel situation, may not
play with toys, tends to cling to parent Panics when parent leaves, tries to follow When parent returns, clings and pushes away at the same time Parents: respond to signs of distress but do not give child space when overstimulated; tend to be “in kid’s face” all the time |
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Avoidant Attachment
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Ignores parent while playing
Little or no apparent distress when parent leaves; ignores parent’s return BUT cortisol and heart rate measures indicate stress during absence Parents: unreliable response to signs of distress or need |
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Authortarian Parenting
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Parents set but do not explain or discuss rules; children’s
perspective not discussed; emotional distance • Kids low self-reliance, less moral sense when authority absent |
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Permissive Parenting
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Parents warm and loving, but do not set rules
• Kids low self-reliance, low self-control, low responsiblity |
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Authoritative Parenting
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Parents warm, set rules but explain and discuss them, hear kids’
perspectives • Kids self-reliant, self-motivated, cooperative, responsible |
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"Strange Situation" Scenerio
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Subjects are 12-18 months old
Child’s behavior observed during separation from, reunion with parent • Parent and infant enter novel room with lots of toys; Stranger enters • Parent leaves, then returns after 1 minute • Parent and stranger leave • Stranger returns; Parent returns Three basic types of response |
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Bystander Effect
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The tendency of a someone to be less likely to help in an emergency if there are other onlookers present
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Harlow's Research question
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Are parent-infant bonds only based on food?
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Harlow's expirement
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infant monkeys randomly assigned to
live in cages with two artificial “moms” -- one wire, one cloth. Half got food from wire, half from cloth. |
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Mikulincer (2000) Study
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In each trial, participants see a “prime”
word; could be threatening, like “failure,” or neutral, like “chair” › Next see a string of letters Some not words Some words neutral Others affiliative words like “closeness” or “love” › Decide as fast as you can: Word or not? |
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Mukulincer Results
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When threatened, people automatically
think about people they’re close to! |
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Fraley & Shaver "Airport Study"
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Researchers observed couples waiting at
airport departure gates, recorded each partner’s behavior If one got on plane and other stayed behind, latter asked to complete |
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"Airport Study" Question
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Did self-reported attachment style predict
feelings and behavior while waiting for partner to take off? › Did Attachment Anxiety and Attachment Avoidance differentially predict feelings and behavior? |
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"Airport Study" results
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Among men, avoiding contact was associated
with Attachment Anxiety! |
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Buss: Cross-cultural Study
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Men and women in 37 societies worldwide asked
to rate importance of various characteristics in a spouse or long-term mate, 1-4 scale. BOTH men and women rate kindness, intelligence, and humor among the most valued characteristics. |
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Buss: Physical Appearance
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Both men’s and women’s mean ratings in moderate range
• BUT, men’s means consistently higher than women’s |
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Buss: Financial Prospects
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Men’s and women’s mean ratings varied a lot by society
• BUT, women’s means consistently higher than men’s |
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Jensen-Campbell Study question
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Do nice guys finish last?
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Jensen -Campbell Experiment
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Men and women rated how desirable
various targets would be as a date, based on descriptions High vs. low agreeableness High vs. low dominance |
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Jensen-Campbell Results
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Men: preferred more agreeable women,
no effect of dominance -To women, dominance only increased a man’s desirability if he was ALSO highly Agreeable! |
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Moore: Flirting Behavior
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Cues of attraction: quick, sidelong glances;
head toss; hair flip; lip licks; smiling and laughter BUT men tend to overestimate women’s interest, and often interpret friendliness as attraction |
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Mcmillen & Austin: Helping and guilt experiment
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Half of participants “secretly” told by
confederate how to do well in the study When asked by experimenter whether they know anything about the study, all participants lie When asked later to donate time helping experimenter, those in the “secret” condition averaged an hour, controls 2 minutes |
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Mcmillen results
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In general, adults in a negative mood help
more than those in a neutral mood |
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Thompson et al.
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Negative affect predicts helping only
when focused on others’ distress, not one’s own |
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Thompson et al. experiment
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p’s imagined best
friend dying of cancer, with emphasis on own loss vs. friend’s experience |
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Thompson et al. results
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83% in friend condition helped a grad student with
research after, only 25% in self-focused condition |
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Latane et al. Bystander Effect experiment
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Staged a bunch of public “emergencies”
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Latane et al. results
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The more bystanders were present, the less likely anyone
would offer help! |
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Facial Symmetry
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the variation in the configuration of one side of the face from the other when viewed in relation to a projected midsagittal line.
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