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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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__ __ is based on Charles Darwin and is the psychological traits and social behaviors that enhance our chance of survival.
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Evolutionary psychology
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Nature selects those traits best adaptive for survival = __ __
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natural selection
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All our traits were adapted throughout our ___. (Ex: why do we get jealous?)
We're all from the same ___. Every trait we have is from our __ __ |
ancestry
mold caveman ancestor |
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Why is the father of evolutionary psych?
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Buss
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Humans can adapt and ___. We're really ___, as we adapt in any culture.
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learn
flexible |
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___ = enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, traditions shared by group of people and transmitted to the next generations.
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Culture
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Culture is ___ we learn. Some things are wired in, but most are __ from culture.
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WHERE
learned |
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Cultures are very ___. For example, appropriate behavior and personal space.
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Diverse
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Cultures are also ___. We have the same norms for ___ and ___, etc.
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similar
friendship status |
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__ and __ are differnt in different cultures.
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Gestures and meanings
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__ and __ are the 2 things people judge on.
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Race
Gender |
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___ = characteristics we associate with male and female; a social construction
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Gender
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Men and women are more __ than different. Obvious physical differences include:
* Women have more __ and men have more muscle * Puberty comes 2 years __ for boys * __ are more depressed and have more anxiety (INTERNALIZING) * __ have more aggressions (External) * Women have a better sense of __ * __ are more likely to become alcoholic and kill themselves, but women ___ to kill themselves more. |
Alike
fat later Women Men Smell Men; attempt |
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People didn't used to study __ differences. Goes back to the late ___, when intelligence difference that males are ___ than females. The researchers couldn't prove this.
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gender
1800s smarter |
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In the 80s, people are studying just to find the ___, not to see them as ___. YOu're talking about gender difference ____
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differences
Problems AVERAGES |
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Gender differences are more __ and __ differences.
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social
psychological |
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Are gender differences due to __ or ___?
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Genetics
Environment |
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During childhood:
Boys are less ___ (closeness, self-disclosure), more ___ (want to separate themselves from their parents), are more aggressive, and play in __ groups GIRLS value __ __ in friendships and relationships, tend to play in __ groups with more __ |
intimate
independent bigger social connection smaller sharing |
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In Adulthood:
Women emphasize ___, they describe themselves in terms of ___, are more in tune with others ___, more ___, and have more __ friendships. Men talk a lot about __ and women talk a lot about ___ |
relationships
relationships emotions nurturing intimate STUFF relationships |
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You can have different perceptions of people....__ __. If you describe a person using stereotypical adj., one will know if male or female.
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Social perceptions
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Males and females differ the most in __ __
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social styles
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__ __ is a sociolinguist who studies language and how people use it.
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Debra Tanner
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Social styles depends on the __ they are in....women are more in __ roles and males are in more strict __ roles.
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context
nuturing business |
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In social styles, men are __, task focused and ___. They interrupt people more, smile less and ___ at you.
Women show more __ __, smile more and __ to the speaker. |
directive
driven stare eye contact defer |
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___ = behavior inteded to hurt. Studied by __ __.
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Aggression
Nicki Crick |
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Men are ___ aggressive with war, fighting, hunting, murder. Where women are more __ or ___ agressive.
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physically
socially, relationship |
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With sex, the stereotypes is that males are more open to __ sex, then __ sex more, and have more __ and __ insident.
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casual
initiate hit and run |
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People have sex fantasies about who they are ___ to. Men are more __ driven, where women have __ fantasies.
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attracted
lust romance |
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David Buss believed there were no differences in __ __ when adaptive challenges were the same. (ex: food, need to have temp. regulated. BUT, where adaptive challenged were different, males and females showed ___
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Mating Preferences
Differences |
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In mating preferences, males show more __ __...they're more aggressive when competing for partners because of ___ strategies
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sexual initiative
reproductive |
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In mating preferences, females try to make sure their child ___ until they can live on their own. Males must make sure a kid is __ before they put too much time into it.
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survives
theirs |
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males look for __ in females (young, curves, fair skin), which females look for __ in males (provides food and care for young)
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fertility
committment |
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Buss says it's important for males to mate __ and females to mate ___
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Widely
Wisely |
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over 37 cultures, Buss found that men get more jealous over sexual ___ and women get more jealous over ___ infidelity
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infidelity
romantic |
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__ __ = you start with an effect and move backwards to explain it. You can't go wrong. It's like hindsight bias. I've got the effect, now I'llmake up any story I want about it.
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Retrospective explanations.
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List 3 criticisms of evolutionary phsychology
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retrospective explanations
Reinforcing sterotypes Ability to adapt is key |
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__ __ = reinforces general gender sterotypes. Makes it sound that aggressiveness and infidelity is natural. It's ridiculous! We're not just victims of biology.
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Reinforcing stereotypes
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__ to __ is __ = theis theory isn't perfect, but it shows that we can adapt and learn from our culture. We can always learn and reason.
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Abilty to adapt is key.
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__ __ = set expectations of norms for males and females.
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Gender roles
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We learn gender roles through gender __ (the training parents use to socialize their kids on how males and females are supposed to act)
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socialization
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Culture varys in ___ roles. Ex: agriculture countries have more traditional roles, but western cultures are more ___. (we lean towards tradition)
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equal
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Overtime, __ and __ towards gender has changed. More women in college for example.
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attitude
behavior |
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__ __ help with gender socialization. It's the reason siblings can be so different.
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peer influences
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Increasing importance of peers around __ and child adolesence.
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puberty
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Hibbard's study found that girls really socialize with their peers and would try to __ their peers. Very discouraging of __ behavior in other girls.
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Socialize
agentic |
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Boys are usually ___ (Status oriented)...there's a leader who makes fun of others and they goof around. ___
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agentic
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Girls are usually ___ *value connection and symmetry. Not making fun of others but harmony
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Communal
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Gender differences and socliazation can be seen in ___ and ___ __
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commercials
fairy tales |
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___ perspective is best for gender. It's a combo of biological and evolutionary. Culture supports and amplifies __ tendencies
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Interactionist
biological |
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Alice Eagly and Role theory--________________
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Gender differences are due to the ROLES that men and women are cast into in the world
Ex: men as bosses, so strong and assertive. Women as teachers, so caring and supporting. |
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___ = changing your behavior due to real or imagined group pressure.
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conformity
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___ = outwardly conforming even if we don't want to go along; direct command = obedience
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compliance
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___ = we really do believe in what the group is pressure us to do
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acceptance
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Compliance can lead to ___
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acceptance
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Name 3 people who did classic conformity studies.
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Sherif
Solomon Asch Stanley MIlgran |
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Explain sherif's conformity study.
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He sturied norm formation experiments and the power of suggestibility
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Explain Solomon Asch's conformity study.
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GRoup pressure study with the 3 lines. 6th person of 7 participants conformed to the groups answer.
75% conformed at least once and there was no real pressure or rewards for conforming |
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Explain Stanley Milgran's conformity study.
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Obedience stueis with the shock administered to the learner/confederate. 2/3 of peopel obeyed to end of experiment.
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What breeds obedience? (3 things)
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emotional distance from the victim (more obedience when far away with little contact)
closeness and legitimacy of authority (compliance dropped to 21% when orders were given over the phone) Institutional authority |
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Foot-in-the-door can cause ___.
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conformity
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___ __ can lead to blaming the victim. We're hurting someone and we don't want to think about that, so we just don't like the victim.
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Cognitive dissonance
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Power of the stiuation...going against __ __ is difficult! __ can result from social forces (situations can force people to do cruel and evil things)
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social norms
Evil |
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Why are we so shocked about conformity?
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Fundamental attribution error---we underestimate the situational power.
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How do you get someone to conform? List 2 factors.
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Group size (about 3-5 people works best)
Unanimity (just one other person who disagrees with the group will help break conformity...ex: choosing where to eat with friends) |
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List 3 times in which we conform.
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Cohesion
Status Public response and no prior commitment |
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The more ___ a group is, the more influence it has over it's members.
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cohesive
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Higher __ people have more influence. EX: better dressed, more education, popular kids.
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status
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People don't conform as much when you answer ___. Hard to back down from __ commitment.
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Privately
public |
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List two reasons WHY we conform.
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Normative influence (we don't want to be rejected, differet, made fun of, etc.)
Information influence (not sure how we feel, so we look to others to be correct) |
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With normative infleunce, you either start to ___ what the group does, or just keep it to yourself.
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believe
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summary of conformity: To be ___ is to be ___
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liked
right |
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___ = process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors.
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Persuasion
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Persuasion is used with __ __ announcements like:
stop smoking drunk driving vote seatbelts etc. |
Public service
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Persuasion can be __ or ___
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propaganda or educational
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List the 5 hurdles to clear in persusion.
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1) get someone to pay attention
2) they have to comprehend the message 3) have to believe the message 4) have to remember the message 5) Have to behave accordingly |
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It's important for people to understand ___ because people don't just sit there like passive sponges, they're trying to decide whether or not to __ to the message.
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persuasion
message |
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list the 2 routes to persuasion and define.
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Central route--focus on arguments
Peripheral Route--cues for acceptance without much thinking |
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If arguments are compelling, persuaion is __ likey and vice versa.
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more
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Problem with central route is that we're all __ and we don't have __ to think about arguments.
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busy
time |
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central route is __ and ___, it's a high-effort. Most likely to work when ___ relevant like in the market for a car or college.
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analytical
motivated personally |
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Peripheral route use messages that are really ___ and easily ___. Communicators speak ___
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simple
understood quickly |
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Peripheral route works best when trying to sell ___.
Central route works best when trying to sell a ___ |
pop or clothing
computer or college |
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Peripheral route works best when trying to sell ___.
Central route works best when trying to sell a ___ |
pop or clothing
computer or college |
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The central route is __ __ and ___ __. If persuaded, more likely to stick.
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deep thinking
persistent change |
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Peripheral route is ___ and causes __ __. Short run persuasion. Can change mind quickly.
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superficial
temporary change |
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Name the 4 elements of persuasion.
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communicator
mesage channel audience |
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The ___ is WHO says something affects how it will be recieved.
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Communicator
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The communicator is more persuasive the more ___ and ___ they are.
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credible
attrative |
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In order for a communicator to be credible, they have to have perceived ___, which means they need to be introduced by another __ and speak ___.
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expertise
expert confidently |
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In order for a communicator to be credible, they have to be ___: look straight in eye, make it sounds like they're ___ persuading the person, talk ___.
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trustworthy
NOT fast |
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In order for a communicator to be attractive, they have to have __ __ (beautiful people are perceivs as smart, funny, nice, etc. YOu believe them more and buy the product)
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physical appeal
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In order for a communicator to be attractive, they have to be __ to yourself...we like people that are like us. It's more influential.
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similar
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The ___ = WHAT is said is important.
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message
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There are two arguments of the persuasive message....
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reason vs. emotion
Primacy vs. recency |
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Reason vs. emotion depends on the ___...more educated people like reason and vice versa. Happens with ___...emotions. Associated with good feelings or ___
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audience
elections fear |
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Primacy vs. recency If argmument is presented, then time before the second argument, they'll be a ___ effect. If 2 arguments in a row, they'll be a ___ effect.
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recency
primacy |
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The ___ = the WAY the message is delievered matters.
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Channel
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There are __ and __ channels. Neither work well because so many hurdles to jump.
There are also __ names and generic examples...where ___ names sell better. Believable __ can replace hard truth with ____. |
written and oral
brand brand lies repitition |
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the ___ = WHO The message is delivered to.
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audience
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The audience involved 2 concepts....
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self-esteem
age |
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The audience depends on _-__ = you want people with a moderate amt. If too low, won't care. If too high, egotistical. Either way...won't listen
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self-esteem
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Age can also affect the audience:
__ __ explanation = as you get older, your attitudes change and you become more conservative. __ explanation = grew up at different times and have different experiences. The attutdes you form in __ and __ will stay with you until at least middle age |
Life Cycle
Generational Teenage and 20s |
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Explain the 3 guidelines of cults.
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1) rituals and beliefs devoted to a person.
2) have members isolated from surrounding "evil" culture 3) Charasmatic leader |
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Explain the 5 ways cults can suck you in.
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1) Compliance breeds acceptance (make you first get more cult-members)
2) Foot-in-door-theory (start with small requests and build) 3) Charaismatic leader is seen as trustworthy and expert (use tricks to gain respect) 4) "Shower the people with love" (tel |
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Explain the 5 ways cults can suck you in.
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1) Compliance breeds acceptance (make you first get more cult-members)
2) Foot-in-door-theory (start with small requests and build) 3) Charaismatic leader is seen as trustworthy and expert (use tricks to gain respect) 4) "Shower the people with love" (tell people how great they are) 5) Recruit young, less educated, idealistic, kids (take advantage of the trusting) |
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We can ALL be vulnerable to __ __ and __
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social control
persuasion |
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___ = 2 or more people who interact with and influence on another, "us"
NEED TO INTERACT |
group
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__ __ found that people work harder, go faster in the presence of others.
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Norm Triplett
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__ __ __ = dominant response is more likely when others are around. THis was proposed by ___.
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Social facilitation effect
Zajonc |
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The __ response is the most likely response to an activity. Like, if you're good at something, you'll do __ when in front of people. But if you're bad at something, you'll do __ when in front of others.
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Dominant
Better worse |
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___ = sheer numbers matter. In a crowd, feelings are ___. More people join in a crowd activity like laughing or clapping. We are more ___ aroused in a crowd.
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Crowding intesified
physiologically |
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Give 3 reasons why social facilitation effect happens in the first place.
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1) evaluation apprehension
2) driven by distraction 3) mere presence |
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__ __ = we're concerned about how others will evaluate us. (makes a difference WHO is evaluating us...more effect if we know and respect vs. never see again)
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Evaluation apprehension
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__ by __ = concern about audience. When concerned about audience, it distracts from performance. COnflict between paying attention to __ and paying attention to what you're ___
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driven by distraction
audience doing |
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__ __ = this alone can distract you (animals do this too, so maybe biological)
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mere presence
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__ __ = tendency for people to exert less effort when in a group with a common goal (tug-o-war, class project, etc)
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Social loafing
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Explain the inghram studies and results.
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Had people pull ropes and measured how hard they pulled when they thought they were alone or in a group.
People would socially loaf by 18% when thought they were alone. |
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Social loafing stems from __ of __...you think others will pick up your slack.
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diffusion of responsibility
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List 4 ways to stop social loafing.
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1) make everyone's performance measurable, not just the group's
2) make the task challenging and appealing to every person WANTS to do a good job 3) Add incentives 4) Make group of friends because less loafing when don't want to let down friends. |
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___ = loss os self-awareness and evaluation apprehension. Can range from food fight, to vandalism to riots.
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Deindividuation
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Why does deindividuation occur? You feel ___ in the group
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anonymous
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list 2 things that contribute to deindividuation.
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Group size (big groups make people faceless)
Physical anonymity. |
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Zimbardo's study with women dressed as KKK and anonymous vs. those with nametags resulted in.
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KKK women giving more shocks for longer times.
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___ can explain deindividuation, as well as why our military wear these (easier to kill when anonymous).
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Uniforms
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__ __ = little things can lead to big trouble. Ex: yelling in a crowd makes you feel connected to others and yell more.
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arousing activity
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In the stoner studies, he had people decide how risky others should be in their decisions. Explain his results.
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1) Group decisions wer riskier than individual's decision.
2) Importance of discussion (opinions converged) 3) group had more of a risk because share blame |
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__ __ = tendency for a group discussion to enhance initial learnings.
The more you talk, the __ you feel about something |
Group polarization
stronger |
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Real life examples of group polarization include:
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terrorist groups, internet, hate groups, etc.
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___ = tendency of decision making groups to suppress dissent in the interst of group harmony
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groupthink
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List the 3 symptoms of groupthink
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1) Overestimating might and right
2) Closed-minded 3) Pressures toward uniformity |
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Overestimating might and right: illusion of ___. We're over optomistic and blind to dangers.
Unquestioned belief in group's ___. |
invulnerability
morality |
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The closed-minded have ___ and ___ view of opponent
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rationalization
stereotyped |
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Pressure toward uniformity...__ __ (remind them of time they were wrong before)
__ ___ = people don't speak up because they feel vulnerable and causes tension. __ of __ = since no one's speaking up, we all must agree. __ __ = don't let anyone, or info, inside to a group that might sway their decision. |
conformity pressures
self-censorship illusion of unanimity mind guards |
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How can you prevent groupthink (esp. as a leader)? List 5 ideas.
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1) be impartial (no opinions to begin with)
2) encourage critical evaluation of the issues (have a devil's advocate) 3) Subdivide the group into smaller groups (bring groups together and talk about ALL issues brought up) 4) Welcome critiques (particularly from outside experts 5) "second chance" meeting (done before final decision is made) |
