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9 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the term motivation and drive |
Motivation - the internal and exterior desires, needs and interests that arouse and activate an organism to move toward a specific goal Drives - reversible internal conditions that affect the nature, strength, and oersistencrnof an individual's behaviour |
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What is the difference between regulatory and non regulatory drives? |
Regulatory drives - needed for immediate survival. Hunger, thirst, sleep. E.g. hunger motivates eating Non-regulatory drives - safety (sleep and fear motivate us to replenish our bodies to avoid danger) Reproductive (drive us to reproduce, guard our mates, our young) Social(approval motivates us to cooperate) Educative(play and exploration motivate us to practice our skills) |
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How have researchers identified reward system in the brain |
Drives are reward seeking states and motivated behaviour is reinforced by the pleasure of experience once reward is obtained. James olds and Peter Milner discovered rats would quickly learn to press a lever for electrical simulation of the brain. Even hungry rats would choose the lever that delivered esb over hunger lever which proves that animals can be motivated by rewards that have no obvious value |
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What is the central state theory of drives and the role of the hypothalamus |
Central state theory - certain nuclei in the brain involve detection of imbalances (e.g. low glucose) decision making (getting food) and motor output (actions to get food). E.g. you may not be aware you need salt but body starts craving chips The hypothalamus is one hub, or central drive system. Hypothalamus senses internal states and temp and responds to hormones and is connected to pituitary gland so it can orchestrate release of hormones. Acts to restore homeostasis |
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How are drives motivated using the drive reduction theory |
In drive reduction theory organisms have needs which lead to drives and motivated behavior is a form of drive reduction. The actions we take to get the drive is complicated. For example homeostasis creates thirst but doesnt tell us what to drink. Thirst then motivates us to put clothes on, go to the store, get chocolate milk, ask boyfriend if they want something too. |
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What is intrinsic and extrinsic motivation |
Intrinsic - result from internal need Extrinsic - gaining a reward or avoid punishment E.g. thirsty but you get a glass of orange juice and not beer juice because of the taste |
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How does central state theory explain eating and overeating |
Arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus gland is the appetite control center. Contains two neurons that when stimulated have opposite effects on eating. One stimulates feeding behaviour and other suppresses it Hypothalamic cells can communicate with the other parts of the brain via neuro transmitters to stimulate or suppress food consumption. |
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What is the James Lange, cannon bard, and schachter two factor theories of emotion?
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James Lange- suggests the emotional response comes before the automatic nervous system response(fight or flight). Each emotion has it's own specific pattern of ANS arousal and our brain reads this pattern to interpret the current emotional state. E.g. seeing lion in your back yard triggers ANS response which reproduces feeling of fear. Cannon bard - suggests that emotional communication starts with the ANS. communicates emotion to brain and then we interpret it. Based on idea that physiological changes occur too slowly to trigger an emotional reaction. Schachter two theory - we label our ANS responses cognitively. What is important is that we are aroused and we label the emotion based on our surroundings. ANS responses to fear and sexual desire are similar e.g. flushed. Whether this happens because of one situation or the other is to be determined. Facing lion, or sexually aroused by person |
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Identify the brain structures involved in processing emotion |
Limbic system plays role in regulating emotion Prefrontal cortex - interacts with the limbic system to cognitively appraise stressful situations Amygdala - plays important role in emotions such as fear and anger. Monkeys who have had it removed did not show signs of fear |
