• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/105

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

105 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Characteristic of groups
3 or more people that have interaction, are interdependent and influence each other, help tend to be similar
Examples of groups
members of a fraternity / sorority, sports teams, family NOT: a group of people within the same elevator, fans watching a redskins game, students at the library
Individuals are more likely to behave in an _______ manner when part of a large anonymous group (group can become a mob)
aggressive manner
Individuals feel less _______ in a group, so constraints that prevent ______ behavior may be lost. The shared responsibility for action reduces individual guilt.
Individuals feel less identifiable in a group so constraints that prevent aggressive behavior may be lost.
Deindividuation
The loosening of normal constraints on behavior when in a crowd, leading to an increase in impulsive and deviant acts
An example of deindividuation
people at Mardi Gras wearing masks and disguises so they don't stick out as much and can act in ways they wouldn't otherwise
Factors affecting deindividuation (there are 3)
group size (larger the group, the more deindividuated people become), and anonymity (the more anonymous people are, the more deindividuated they become), distraction (people in a highly stimulating environment aka club or concert are more uninhibited than people in a more sterile environment)
People transgress more in ______
groups
Social roles
shared expectations in a group about how particular people are supposed to behave
Social facilitation
The tendency for people to do better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluated (the Triplett study found bicycle riders rode faster against others than against the clock)
The presence of others DOES OR DOES NOT help performance?
The presence of others does not necessarily help performance
Zajonc Solution
1. The presence of others creates arousal 2. Increased arousal enhances the dominant response 3. For easy tasks, the dominant response is usually correct but for difficult tasks, the dominant response is usually incorrect (do worse on the task).....thus, whether others help or hinder performance depends on TASK DIFFICULTY.
Why does being around others lead to arousal? (3 theories)
1. Mere presence caused us to be slightly aroused, 2. Evaluation apprehension (belief others are evaluating us) 3. Distraction (the presence of others causes arousal when others distract us and create attentional conflict)
Social loafing
The tendency for people to do worse on simple tasks but better on complex tasks when in the presence of others and their individual performance is not evaluated. (Lennon McCartney study: sole authored songs performed better than jointly authored songs)
The yelling and clapping study by Latane, Williams and Harkins found
that there was less individual effort when in groups, even in "groups" when no one was present (people were in a room alone but thought they were part of a group)
Subjects often reduce their individual effort in a task when they think that ______
they are working with others as a team instead of alone.
Cognitive Effort Model
Individuals will exert effort on a collective task to the degree that they think their efforts will be important, relevant and meaningful toward the achieving the outcome.
The common belief of polarization
A benefit of groups is that everyone hears different opinions which should lead to compromises
Risky Shift
A groups decision was actually riskier than the individuals decision (during a chess problem)
Group polarization
The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members
Social comparison influences ______
Social comparison influences polarization
Social comparison
Wanting to be liked, to have others support your position, voice opinion more strongly.
Polarization works best when
Group members all generally agree at first (either risky or cautious)
Groupthink
A kind of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner
An example of Groupthink
The Titanic
Groupthink will occur when
the group is highly cohesive, they like each other, they feel valued
The more cohesive a group is, the more its members are likely to
stay in the group, take part in group activities, and try to recruit new like-minded members
Groupthink will occur / start when
the group is isolated, there is a directive, controlling leader, the group is under stress, no standard procedures to make the decisions
Mindguards
protect leader from contrary viewpoints
Self-censorship
Withhold opposing views for group harmony
Illusion of Unanimity
From the pressure to conform to a group. Illusion of Unanimity is when we believe it is unanimous that everyone agrees every though they might disagree in their mind)
How to prevent groupthink
Do not endorse any position to begin with, seek anonymous opinions, encourage critical evaluations
Escalation Effect
The condition in which commitments of a failing course of action are increased to justify investments already made. Can be very costly to a group.
Social dilemma
The conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by everyone, harm everyone
Examples of the social dilemma
The Prisoners Dilema (have to choose between two options without knowing what the other person will choose)
"Tit for tat"
A means of encouraging cooperation by at first acting cooperatively but then always responding the way your opponent did in the previous trial.
Conformity
A change in one's behavior due to the real or imagined influence of other people
Chameleon Effect
Unconsciously mimicking or adapting to the behaviors, mannerisms and actions of other people
Informational influence
Conforming because we believe that others' interpretation of an ambiguous situation is more accurate than ours and will help us later choose how to act when we encounter the situation
Normative Influence
The influence of other people that leads us to conform to be liked or accepted
Informational influence occurs when....
the most important factor is conformity, the situation is a crisis and other people are experts
Two types of acceptance
Private and public accpetance
Private acceptance
Conforming to other people's behavior out of a genuine belief that what they are doing or saying is right.
Public acceptance
Conforming publicly without necessarily believing in what we are doing or saying (college males drinking or going to a rally / concert because everyone else is)
Conformity drops as
the consequence increases in size (if something is more important, they are less likely to conform to others beliefs and instead stick to their own)
People do not conform as frequently when there are these factors involved:
feel that the public response matters, they have a prior commitment, culture (collectivist cultures conform more)
Minority Influence
A minority of group members influence the behavior or beliefs of the majority
Idiosyncrasy Credits
If enough idiosyncrasy credits are earned / there was past conformity, the person can occasionally deviate from the group without getting in too much trouble.
Nonconformity includes
independence (resisting influence) and anticonformity (rebelling against influence)
Descriptive Norms
Perceptions of how others are behaving / what is typical (young adults overestimate risky health beahviors)
Injunctive norms
Perceptions of approval or disapproval of behaviors (depend on exposure and experiences), perception of norms can predict behavior
People conform for two main reasons
Accuracy and acceptance
Conformity isn't inherently good or bad but it can lead to _____ ______.
Conformity can lead to negative outcomes
Obedience
A change in behavior due to the commands of authority
Factors that affect obedience: the authority
the authority (closer in proximity = more obedience), legitimacy (authority figure and the institution are perceived as legitimate = more obedience)
Factors that affect obedience: the victim
Physical proximity matters, the farther away the victim is = more obedience to carry through with the act (shock study)
Factors that affect obedience: the procedure
Gradual escalation of shocks, diffusion of responsibility (participant = bystander)
ABC's of stereotypes
Prejudice = affect, attitudes. Discrimination = behavior. Stereotypes = cognitive beliefs, often co-occur but NOT always.
Prejudice
A hostile / negative attitude toward a distinguishable group of people based solely on their membership in that group .
What contributes to prejudice? (8 things)
Evolutionary psychology, competition, realistic conflict theory, relative deprivation, scapegoating, institutionalized prejudice, normative conformity, motivational needs
Evolutionary psychology
(prejudice may be the result of a tendency to favor genetically similar individuals)
Realistic Conflict Theory
Limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in prejudice / discrimination
Relative Deprivation
Feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared to others
Scapegoating
Tendency for people to displace aggression onto disliked, visible, and relatively powerless groups when they are frustrated or unhappy.
Institutionalized Prejudice
Prejudicial attitudes that are held by the majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm
Normative conformity
People adopt prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior to go along with the group and gain acceptance
Need for Control: Just-World / Blaming the Victim theory
The tendency to believe that the world is just, so people get what they deserve and deserve what they get. People don't want to think their fate is dependent on chance factors.
Stereotypes
A generalization about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of a group (regardless of actual differences between people)
How are stereotypes learned?
Social learning, prejudice
The main problem with stereotypes is ______
overgeneralization. It is not necessarily accurate for all people in that group and denies people their individuality
Automatic Process
Is one over which we have no control
Social categorization
Tendency to mentally sort things and people into groups
Social Identity Theory
We categorize ourselves and others into groups
In-groups
We sort the world into groups that we belong to
Out-Groups
Groups we do not belong to
In-Group Bias
Positive feeling and special treatment for people we have defined as being part of our in-group and negative feelings/unfair treatment for those we consider part of the out-group
Social Cognition
Consistent information regarding a stereotype is processed more quickly and remembered better. People seek information that confirms their stereotypes (confirmation bias)
Ultimate Attribution Error
Make dispositional attributions about the entire group
Stereotype Consistent Behavior
Dispositional attribution
Stereotype Inconsistent Behavior
Situational attribution
Positive Behavior
Dispositional for in-group, situational for out-group
Negative Behavior
Situational for in-group, dispositional for out-group
Illusory Correlation
Tendency to see relationships / correlations between events that are actually unrelated, most likely to occur when the events or people are distinctive (mentally ill assassins, Muslim terrorists)
When job applicant was black, interviewers...
sat further away, ended interview sooner, made 50% more speech errors
Interviewees who were treated like black applicants were
more nervous, less effective performance, perceived interviewer as less adequate and friendly
2 step process of stereoytping:
1. Automatic activation of stereotypes (unconscious process that we cannot control) 2. Controlled processes (conscious, effortful process, we choose to disregard or ignore the automatically activated stereotype)
Discrimination
An unjustified, negative, or harmful action toward the members of a group simply because of their membership in that group.
Impacts of discrimination
internalizing symptoms (depression, anxiety), externalizing behaviors (anger, violence), physical health problems, academic problems,
Racial Identity
The significance and qualitative meaning that individuals attribute to their racial or ethnic group, they perceive their group positively.
Racial Socialization
The process of communication behaviors and messages to children for the purpose of enhancing their sense of racial / ethnic
Purpose of racial socialization
To prepare for racially hostile encounters, helps protect against substance use, low self-esteem, low academic achievement
Contact Hypothesis
Groups need to interact or have repeated contact but it does not guarantee they will like each other.
6 conditions for contact to reduce prejudice
they must mutually depend on each other, have a common goal, equal status, friendly / informal setting, multiple interactions with multiple different members, social norms promote equality
Subordinate goal
Unite different groups and require cooperative effort
The hostility that occurred in the Robber's Cave was not reduced until
both groups had to work together to overcome a shared obstacle, eliminating the competition was not enough
Stereotype threats: A fear of confirming a negative stereotype about one's own group
Stereotype is made visible, fear of confirming the stereotype, performance decreases
Self-affirmation techniques
Students reflect on other values in life; enhance self-worth
Social impact theory
The idea that conforming to social influence depends on the strength of the group's importance, its immediacy and the number of people in the group
Process loss
Any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving. Examples: groups might not try hard enough to find out who the most competent member is and instead rely on someone who really doesn't know what they are talking about.
Great person theory
The idea that certain key personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the situation.
task-oriented leader
A leader who is concerned more with getting the job done than with workers feelings and relationships.
relationship-oriented leader
A leader who is concerned primarily with workers feelings and relationships.
public good dilemma
A social dilemma in which individuals must contribute to a common pool in order to maintain the public good. Examples: pay taxes for public schools
justification-suppression
Most people struggle between their urge to express prejudice and their need to maintain a positive self-concept (not a bigot). Requires a lot of energy to suppress prejudiced impulses
modern racism
outwardly acting unprejudiced while inwardly maintaining prejudiced attitudes