Soc Chap. 3 (Culture)

Front 1

A subculture that deliberately opposes aspects of the larger culture

Back 1

Counterculture

Front 2

Specialized language used by members of a group or subculture

Back 2

Argot

Front 3

The viewing of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture

Back 3

Cultural relativism

Front 4

A common practice or belief shared by all societies

Back 4

Cultural universal

Front 5

The totality of our shared language, knowledge, material objects, and behavior

Back 5

Culture

Front 6

A period of adjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions

Back 6

Culture lag

Front 7

The feelings of disorientation, uncertainty, and even fear that people experience when they encounter unfamiliar cultural practices

Back 7

Culture shock

Front 8

The process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society

Back 8

Diffusion

Front 9

The process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality

Back 9

Discovery

Front 10

A set of cultural beliefs and practices that legitimates existing powerful social, economic, and political interests

Back 10

Dominant ideology

Front 11

The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent what is normal or are superior to all others

Back 11

Ethnocentrism

Front 12

Norms governing everyday social behavior, whose violation raises comparatively little concern

Back 12

Folkways

Front 13

A norm that generally has been written down and that specifies strict punishments for violators

Back 13

Formal norm

Front 14

A norm that is generally understood but not precisely recorded

Back 14

Informal norm

Front 15

The process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture through discovery or invention

Back 15

Innovation

Front 16

The combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not exist before

Back 16

Invention

Front 17

A system of shared symbols; it includes speech, written characters, numerals, symbols, and nonverbal gestures and expressions

Back 17

Language

Front 18

Formal norms enforced by the state

Back 18

Laws

Front 19

The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives

Back 19

Material culture

Front 20

Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society

Back 20

Mores

Front 21

Ways of using material objects, as well as customs, ideas, expressions, beliefs, knowledge, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication

Back 21

Nonmaterial culture

Front 22

The use of gestures, facial expressions, and other visual images to communicate

Back 22

Nonverbal communication

Front 23

An established standard of behavior maintained by a society

Back 23

Norm

Front 24

A penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm

Back 24

Sanction

Front 25

The idea that the language a person uses shapes his or her perception of reality and therefore his or her thoughts and actions

Back 25

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Front 26

The structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared through regularized patterns of social interaction

Back 26

Society

Front 27

The systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior

Back 27

Sociobiology

Front 28

A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern or mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society

Back 28

Subculture

Front 29

"Cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires"

Back 29

Technology

Front 30

A collective conception of what is considered good, desirable, and proper - or bad, undesirable, and improper - in a culture

Back 30

Value