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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Psychology, Anthropoloogy, Political science, economics, social work
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p. 3
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Social structure
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the organixed pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together constitute society
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troubles/issues
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truobles-personal
issues-society |
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empirical
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conclusions are based on careful and systematic observations
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examples of social institutions
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family, religion, marriage, government, and the economy
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social interaction
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behavior between two or more people that is given meaning
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Enlightenment
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faith in the ability of human reason to solve societies problems
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Positivism
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scientific observation and description is considered the highest form of knowledge.
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Social Facts
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social patterns that are external to individuals. (customs, social values)
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Verstehen
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understandin social behavior from the point of view of those engaged in it.
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Pragmatism
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belief in practicality
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organic metaphor
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perspective that views society as an organism--changing
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Functionalism
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interprets each part of society in terms of how it contributes to the stability of the whole.
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manifest functions
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stated and inteded goals of social behavior
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Latent functions
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unintended consequences of behavior.
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Conflict theory
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emphasixes the role of coercion and power.
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Symbolic Interaction theory
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consideres immediate social interaction to be the place where "society" exists.
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feminist theory
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analyxes the status of women and men in society
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exchange theory
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argues that the behavior of individuals is determined by the rewards or punishments they recieve as they interact with others.
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Rational choice theory
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believes that the choices human beings mae are guided by reason
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Postmodernism
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based on the idea that society is no objective--it is found in the words and images that people use to represent behavior and ideas.
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Data
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systematic information used to investigate research questions
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Scientific method
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Observation, hypothesis testing, analysis of data and generalization
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Replication study
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research repeated on a different group
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Independent variable
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variable that the researcher wants to test
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dependent variable
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variable on which there is a presumed effect
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intervening variables
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variables that fall between the independent and dependent variables
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indicators
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something that points to or reflects an abstract concept
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Generalixation
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the ability to draw conclusions from specific data and be able to apply them to a broader population
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Closed/open questionares
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closed-fixed answers
open-can elaborate |
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content analysis
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a way of measuring by the cultural artifacts of what people write, say, see, and hear
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evaluation research
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assesses the effect of policies and programs on people in society.
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policy research
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research that is intended to produce policy recommendations
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market research
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evaluates sales potential of some product or service.
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culture
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complex system of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life for a given group or society
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Charicteristics of culture
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1.Culture is shared
2.Culture is learned 3.Culture is taken for granted 4.Culture is symbolic 5.Culture varies across time and place |
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Cultural relativism
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idea that something can be understood and judged only in relationship to the cultural conext in which it appears.
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Language
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the set of symbols and rules that provide a complex communication system.
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Norms
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cultural expectations for how to behave in a given situation
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Folkways
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general standards of behavior adhered to by a group
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Mores
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strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior
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Laws
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written set of guidelines that define right and wrong in society
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social Sanctions
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mechanisms of social control hat enforce norms
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Ethnomethodology
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theoretical approach in sociology based on the idea you can discover the normal social order through disrupting it
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Beliefs
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Shared ideas held collectively by people within a given culture
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Values
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abstract standards in a society or group that define ideal principles
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Ethnocentrism
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the habit of seeing things only from the point of view of one's own group
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global culture
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diffusion of a sigle culture throughout the world
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Popular culture
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the beliefs, practices, and objects that are part of everyday traditions
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Mass media
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channels of communication available to wide segments of the population
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Reflection hypothesis
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contends hat the mass media reflects the values of the general population
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cultural hegemony
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the pervasive and excessive influence of one culture throughout society
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cultural/social capital
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the cultural resources that are socally designated as being worthy (knowledge) and that give advanteges to groups possessing such capital
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Cultural Lag
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the delay in cultrual adjustments to changing social conditions
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culture shock
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the feeling of disorientation when one encounters a new or rapidly chaged cultural situation
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sources of cultural change
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1.A change in the societal conditions
2.cultural diffusion 3.innovation 4. the imposition of cultural change by an outside agency |
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cultural diffusion
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transmission of cultural elements from one society or cultural group to another
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Socialization
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the process through which people learn the expectations of society
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Roles
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the expected behavior associated with a given status in society
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internalization
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behaviors and assumptions are learned so thoroughly that people no longer question them, but assume they are correct
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Social control
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the process by which groups and individuals within those groups are brought into conformity with dominant social expectations
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identity
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the result of the socialixation experiences we have over a lifetime
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Consequences of socialization
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1.Establishes self-concepts (identity)
2.Creates the capacity for role-taking 3.creates the tendency for poeple to act in socially acceptable ways 4.makes people bearers of culture |
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Key concepts of Object relations theory
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attachment and indiviualism
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Social learning theory
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considers the formation of identity to be a learned response to social stimuli
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Piaget's stages
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1.sensorimotor stage
2.preoperational stage 3.concreate operational stage 4.formal operational stage |
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Kohlergs moral reasoning sages
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1.preconventional stage
2.conventiaonal stage 3.postconventional stage |
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Conflict theory in socialization
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group identity is shaped by inequality in society
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functionalist theory in socialization
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integrates people into society
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symbolic interaction in socialization
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people become who they are through their interactions
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Looking glass self
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perception of how others see us and effect of others' judgemnet on us.
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Taking the role of the other
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imagining oneself ftom the point of view of another
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three stages of childhood socialization
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1.imitagion stage
2.play stage 3.game stage |
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imitation stage
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children copy the behavior of those around them. child begins to see self awareness
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play stage
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children take on the roles of significant people in their environment
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game stage
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child becomes capable of taking on a multitude of roles at the same time
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generalized other
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abstract composite of social roles and social epectations
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Socialization agents
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those who pass on social expectations
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hidden cirriculum
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the informal and often subtle messages about social roles that are conveyed through the classroom interaction and classroom materials
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life course
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the connection between people's personal attributes, the roles they occupy, the life events they experience and the social historical aspects of these events (childhood, youth and adolescence, adulthood, and old age
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Age stratification
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the heirarchical ranking of different age groups in society
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disengagement theory
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predicts that as people age, they gradually withdraw from participation in society
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resocialization
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the process by which exising social roles are raadically altered or replaced.
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characteristics of a group
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1.interact and communicate with each other
2.share goals and norms 3."we" feeling 4.face a common threat |
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Social categories
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people lumped together because they share characteristics (age group)
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status inconsistency
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where the statuses occupied by a person bring with them significantly different amounts of prestige
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social construction of reality
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the idea that our perception of what is real is determined by the subjective meaning that we attribute to an experience
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Impression management
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process by which people control how others will perceive them
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social exchange model
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our interactions are determined by the rewards or punishments that we receive from others
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paralinquistic communication
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the component of communication tat is conveyed by the pitch and loudness of the speaker's voice, rhythm...
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proxemic communication
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space between interacting individals
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attraction is influence by
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.Proximity
.Esposure effect .physical attractiveness .similarity |
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functions of social institutions
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1.the socialization of new members of the society
2.the production and distribution of goods and services 3.replacement of the membership 4.the mainenance of stability and eistence 5.providing the members with an ultimate sense of purpose |
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Social structure
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organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together compose society
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mechanical solidarity
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when individuals play similar roles (jobs)
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organic solidarity
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individuals play a variety of roles based on role differentiation (jobs)
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gemeinschaft
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form of solidarity (community) - sense of "we" feeling
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gesellschaft
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form of solidarity (society) - generaly characterized by mechanical solidarity
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Triadic segregation
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the tendency for triads to segregate into a pair and an isolate
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expressive needs
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intimacy, companionship, and emotional support
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Reference groups
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groups to which you use as a standard for evaluating your values, attitudes, and behaviors
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Attribution theory
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the principle that we all make inferences about the personalities of others (what people are really like)
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Groupthink
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tendency for group members to reach a consensus opinion even if that decision is downright stupid.
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characteristics of groupthink
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1.An illusion of invulnerability
2.A falsely neegative impression of those who are antagonists to the group's plan 3.discouragement of dissenting opinion 4.an illusion of unamity 5.a lack of diversity |
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risky shift
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high risk activity that would not be don alone
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normative organizations
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people join to pursue goals that they consider worthwile
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Coercive organizations
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characterized by membership that is largely involutary
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Total institution
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organization cut off from rest of society
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chars. of an ideal bureaucrciy
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1.high degree of division of labor and specialization
2.hierarchy of authority 3.rules and regulations 4.Impersonal relationships 5.career ladders 6.efficiency |
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Problems of bureaucracies
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ritualism
alienation |
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charicteristics of mcdonaldization
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efficiency
calculability predictability control |
