Science Semester Final

Front 1

Independent variable

Back 1

The variable we change on purpose because it's the factor we are testing, the variations we know going into the experiment.

Front 2

Dependent variable

Back 2

The factor that changes depending on the independent variable; the data we collect.

Front 3

Control

Back 3

The standard used for comparison in test results; a part of the experiment that is not varied.

Front 4

Constants

Back 4

All the factors that are held the same between the test subjects.

Front 5

Qualitative Data

Back 5

1. Descriptive

2. Things that are heard to meaure, such as color, texture or smell

3. Might be subjective

Front 6

Quantitative Data

Back 6

1. Data that can be measured Ike length, volume, temperature, age, etc.

2. Usually objective.

Front 7

Claim

Back 7

A statement that answers the question or problem, a conclusion you are drawing based on evidence.

Front 8

Evidence

Back 8

Data that supports your claim.

Front 9

Reasoning

Back 9

Explains why- why we observed those results, why we had that data, why did that happen... what's the science?

Front 10

Diffusion

Back 10

The movement of a substance from areas of highconcentration, to areas of low concentration, until equilibrium is reached.

Front 11

Osmosis

Back 11

The diffusion of water. depends on the relative concentration of solute molecules on either side of the membrane.

Front 12

Tonicity

Back 12

Refers to how concentrated a solution isrelative to a cell

Front 13

Hypertonic

Back 13

The solution outside the cell is more concentrated withsolutes than the inside of the cell.

Front 14

Hypotonic

Back 14

The solution outside the cell is less concentrated withsolutes than the inside of the cell.

Front 15

Isotonic

Back 15

The solution outside the cell has the same concentration as the inside of thecell.

Front 16

Active Transport

Back 16

Uses energy to move a solute “uphill” against its gradient.

Front 17

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 17

In facilitated diffusion, a solute moves down its concentration gradient and no energy input is required.

Front 18

Passive Transport: cell membrane pumps

Back 18

Pump molecules up the concentrationgradient (low to high concentration).

Front 19

Endocytosis

Back 19

Cell membrane pinches off -transports many molecules into cell at thesame time.

Front 20

Phagocytosis

Back 20

When a cell "devours" a solid particle.

Front 21

Exocytosis

Back 21

Cell membrane pinches off to export many molecules out of the cell at the same time.

Front 22

Three critical things that DNA molecules must do

Back 22

1. They have to carry information from one generation to the next.

2. They have to put that information to work by determining the heritable characteristics of organisms.

3. Genes had to be easily copied, because all of a cell's genetic information is replicated every time a cell divides.

Front 23

Nucleotide

Back 23

DNA is a long molecule made up of units called nucleotides.

Front 24

DNA Backbone

Back 24

Is formed by sugar and phosphate groups of each nucleotide. The nitrogenous bases stick out sideways from the chain. The nucleotides can be joined together in order, meaning that any sequence of bases is possible.

Front 25

Chargaff's Rules

Back 25

The fact that in almost any DNA sample the percentage of cytosine and guanine was almost equal. The rule- g=c and a=t.

Front 26

Prokaryotes

Back 26

Prokaryote's DNA is in the cytoplasm. They usually have a single circular DNA molecule that contains nearly all of the cell's genetic information. That is usually referred to as the cell's chromosome. Unicellular.

Front 27

Eukaryotes

Back 27

Eukaryotes have as much as 1000 times the amount of DNA as prokaryotes. Their DNA is not in the cytoplasm, but generally in the nucleus, in the form of a number of chromosomes. Number of chromosomes varies widely, from one species to the next.

Front 28

Chromosome Structure

Back 28

Chromatin-

Eukaryotic chromosomes contain both DNA and protein tightly packed together to form a substance called chromatin. Chromatin consists of DNA that is tightly coiled around proteins called, histones.

Histones-

Chromatin consists of DNA that is tightly coiled around proteins called, histones. Together, DNA and histone molecules form a beadlike structure called a nucleosome.

Front 29

Eukaryotic DNA Replication

Back 29

It occurs at hundreds of places. Replication proceeds in both directions until each chromosome is completely copied. The sites where separation and replication occur are called replication forks.

Front 30

DNA Duplication: Replication

Back 30

Before a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA in a copying process called replication. This process ensures that each resulting cell will have a complete set of DNA molecules. During DNA replication, the DNA molecule separates into two strands, then produces two new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing. Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a template, or model, for the new strand.

Front 31

Duplicating DNA: Enzymes

Back 31

DNA replication is carried out by a series of enzymes. These enzymes "unzip" a molecule of DNA. The unzipping occurs when the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs are broken and the two strands of the molecule unwind. Each strand serves as a template for the attachment of the complementary bases.

Front 32

Duplicating DNA: DNA Polymerase

Back 32

The principal enzyme involved in DNA replication is called DNA polymerase because it joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule, which is, of course, a polymer. DNA polymerase also "proof reads" each new DNA strand, helping to maximize the odds that each molecule is a perfect copy of the original DNA.

Front 33

What is the goal of protein synthesis? Why is this important in our cells?

Back 33

To make proteins. Proteins allow our bodies to perform certain functions.

Front 34

Short summary of transcription

Back 34

The DNA unzips itself, by DNA polymerase, and a single stranded mRNA copies one side of the DNA codons.

Front 35

How does a 3 meter strand of DNA fit into a tiny cell?

Back 35

It is packaged into compact units called chromosomes. It starts with the double helix of the DNA, which then wraps around some proteins. The proteins are packed tightly together until they form a chromosome.

Front 36

Macromolecules

Back 36

"Giant molecules" made up of many, many smaller molecules.

Front 37

Monomers

Back 37

Small molecules

Front 38

Polymers

Back 38

Strands of smaller molecules put together. The result of ploymerization.

Front 39

Polymerization

Back 39

Where small molecules join to together to form bigger molecules.

Front 40

What are carbohydrates made of?

Back 40

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen.

Front 41

What are lipids made of?

Back 41

Fatty acids and glycerol.

Front 42

What are proteins made of?

Back 42

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen. COHN

Front 43

What are nucleic acids made of?

Back 43

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus. PHONC

Front 44

What do carbohydrates do?

Back 44

They are the main source of energy for living things.

Front 45

Monosaccharides

Back 45

Single sugar molecule

Front 46

Polysaccharides

Back 46

Large molecules formed by monosaccharides.

Front 47

Sugars

Back 47

Carbohydrates

Front 48

What do lipids do?

Back 48

They can be used to store energy and some lipids are important parts of biological matter.

Front 49

What do nucleic acids do?

Back 49

They store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information.

Front 50

What do proteins do?

Back 50

Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Some are used to form bones and muscles. Others transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight diseases.

Front 51

Nucleotides

Back 51

They consist of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Individual nucleotides can be joined by covalent bonds to form a polynucleotides or nucleic acid.

Front 52

Promoter region

Back 52

A specific place that RNA polymerase can only bond to.

Front 53

Polypeptides

Back 53

Chains of amino acids

Front 54

Amino Acid

Back 54

Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids that are essential for the body.

Front 55

Chromosomal mutations

Back 55

Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes.

Front 56

Catalyst

Back 56

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.

Front 57

Enzymes

Back 57

They are proteins that act as biological catalysts. (A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.) Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells. They provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react.

Front 58

Substrates

Back 58

The substance an enzyme acts on. The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are known as substrates.

Front 59

Enhancer Region

Back 59

It can bind to a particular gene and can increase the rate of transcription of that gene.

Front 60

Introns

Back 60

The DNA of eukaryotic genes contains sequences of nucleotides, called introns, that are not involved in coding for proteins.

Front 61

Exons

Back 61

The DNA sequences that code for proteins are called exons because they are "expressed" in the synthesis of proteins.