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202 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 states of matter
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Solids, Liquids, Gases, and Plasma
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Descriptions of matter
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Color, State, Texture, and Odor
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What determines the state of matter
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Depends on the movement of particles in the object
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Solid
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Non maleable substance that has a definite shape and a definite volume
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Crystalline
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Has patterns of particles in the substance for example a crystal
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Amorphous
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When there is no long range oder between the atoms for example cement or charcoal
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Liquid
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A substance that has no definite shape but a definite volume
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Viscosity
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The measurement of an object to resist movement also the state of being thick, sticky, and resistant
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Surface Tension
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Uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid
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Gas
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No definite volume or definite shape
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Vapor
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The gas state of a substance that is normally a solid or a liquid at room temperature
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Temperature
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The measure of the average kinetic energy of all the particles in an object
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Thermal Energy
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The potential energy and kinetic energy of an object
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Vaporization
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When a liquid object is heated or is chemically changed into a gaseous state
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Boiling
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The vaporization that occurs in the liquid
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Evaporation
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The vaporization that occurs only at the surface of the liquid
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Condensation
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The change from a gas to a liquid
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Sublimation
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The change of state from a solid to a gas without going through the liquid state
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Deposition
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The change of state of gas to a solid without going through the liquid state
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Kinetic Molecular Theory
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An explanation of how particles in matter behave
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Pressure
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The amount of force applied per unit of area
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Boyle's Law
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As pressure of gas increases and volume decreases and as pressure of gas decreases volume increases when the temperature is constant
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Charle's Law
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As the volume of a gas increases with increasing temperature the pressure will always be constant
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Atom
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Is the smallest piece of an element that still represents the element
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Electron
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A negative particles in an atom
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Nucleus
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The center of the atom where most of the atom's mass
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Proton
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A positive particle in an atom
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Neutron
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A neutral particle in an atom
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Electron Cloud
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Is an area where all the electrons are located
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Protons and Neutrons Location
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Located in the nucleus of the atom
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Electrons Location
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They move in circular motion around the nucleus
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Democritus
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Discovered the Atom
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Aristotle
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Thought atoms were made of fire, water, air, and earth
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Dalton
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Combined data from his scientific research with other scientists data and made atomic theory
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Thomas
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Discovered Electrons
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Rutherford
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Discovered the Nucleus
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Bohr
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Found that electrons move in a circular path around the nucleus
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Proton, Electron, and Neutron
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The three main parts of an atom
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Atomic Number
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The number of protons in an atom is the atomic number
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Atomic Mass
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The sum of the protons and neutrons
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Isotopes
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Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons
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Average Atomic Mass
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Average mass of an element's isotope
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Radioactive
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When an element emits spontaneous radiation
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Nuclear Decay
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Process that occurs when an unstable atomic nucleus changes into another more stable nucleus by emitting radiation
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Alpha Decay
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The atomic number decreases due
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Beta Decay
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The protons becomes part of the nucleus
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Gamma Decay
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Gamma rays get into the element
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Ion
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An atom that is no longer neutral because it has gained or lost electrons
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Periods
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Rows on the periodic table
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Groups
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Columns on the periodic table
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Metals Location
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All elements on the left side of the stair case besides hydrogen
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Nonmetals Location
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All elements to the right side of the elements on the stair case
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Metalloids Location
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The elements directly on the stair case
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Metals
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Conductors
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Metalloids
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Share both nonmetal and metallic compounds
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Nonmetals
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Not conductors
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Chemical Bond
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A force that holds two or more atoms together
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Compounds
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When atoms combine, these also make up most of matter
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Valence Electrons
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The outermost electron of an atom that participates in chemical bonding, you can also see how many valence electrons there are by looking at the group number
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Electron Dot Diagram
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A model that represents valence electrons in an atom as dots around the elements chemical symbol
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Stable Atoms
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Have 8 valence electrons, but they can become stable when they combine with compounds
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Unstable Atoms
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Have either 1-7 valence electrons
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Gain/Lose Electrons
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They do this because they have less than 8 valence electrons
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Covalent Bond
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A bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons
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Single Covalent Bond
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A covalent bond where they share 1 electron
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Double Covalent Bond
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A covalent bond where they share 2 electrons
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Triple Covalent Bond
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A covalent bond where they share 3 electrons
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Molecule
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A group of atoms held together by a covalent bonding that acts as an independent unit
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Polar Molecule
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A molecule that has a partial positive end and a partial negative end because of unequal sharing of electrons
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Non Polar Molecule
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When the electrons are equal
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Chemical Formula
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Is a group of chemical symbols and numbers that represent the elements and the numbers that represent the elements and the number of atoms
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Physical Change
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A change that does not produce new substances, the substances exist before and after the change are the same
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Chemical Change
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A change or reaction when the starting and the substance produced have different physical and chemical properties
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Chemical Reaction
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The process in which atoms of one or more substance rear range to form one or more new substances
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Properties That Change During A Chemical Reaction
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Things such as color, state of matter, and odor
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Signs of Chemical Reaction
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Bubbles, Change in Color, Odor Change, Formation of Precipitation
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Chemical Equation
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A description of a reaction using elements symbols and chemical formulas
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Reactant
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The starting substance in a chemical reaction
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Products
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The ending substances in a chemical reaction
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Arrow In A Chemical Equation
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This means that the things to the left of the arrow are reactants and the things to the right are the products
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Law of Conservation of Mass
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States that the total mass of reactants before a chemical reaction is the same as the total mass of the products after the chemical reaction
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Balance Chemical Equation
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An equation is written and balances on each side of the arrow so that each element is the same
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Coefficient
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A number places in front of an element's symbol or chemical formula in an equation
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Synthesis Reaction
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A type of reaction in which two or more substances combine and form one compound, this is when two compounds are combined
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Decomposition Reaction
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One compound breaks down and forms two or more substances, this is when two compounds are broken down
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Single Replacement
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One element replaces another element in a compound
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Double Replacement
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When the negative ion so of two compounds switch places forming two new compounds
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Combustion Reaction
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A substance combined with oxygen and releases energy
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Endothermic Reaction
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A chemical reaction that absorbs thermal energy
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Exothermic Reaction
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A chemical reaction that releases thermal energy
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Activation Energy
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Minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
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Inhibitors
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A substance that slows, or even stops, a chemical reaction
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Catalysts
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A substance that increases the reaction rate by lowering the activation energy
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Enzyme
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A catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in living cells
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Matter
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What everything is made of
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Substance
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Matter that is always made up of the same combination of atoms
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Mixture
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Two or more substances that are physically blended together but are not chemically bonded
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Solution
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A homogenous mixture, the two parts would be the solvent and the solute
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Solvent
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Does the dissolving
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Solute
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Is what is being dissolved
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Concentration
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Is the amount of a particular solute in a given amount of solution
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Solubility
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The maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature and pressure
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Saturated Solution
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A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute a solution can hold at a given temperature at a pressure
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Unsaturated Solution
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A solution that can still dissolve more solute at a given temperature and pressure
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Acid
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A substance that produces hydronium
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Base
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A substance that produces hydroxide
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Hydronium Ion
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A positively charged ion formed when an acid dissolves in water
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Hydroxide Ion
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A diatomic ion with chemical formula OH
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pH
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The increase measure of concentration of hydronium ions in a solution
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pH Scale
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Shows the amount of pH in every item, this scale ranges from 0-14 and they show the difference between bases, acids, and other
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Indicator
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A compound that changed color when it is set at different pH values when they react with acidic or basic chemical values
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Abiotic Factors
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Nonliving parts of an ecosystem
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Biotic Factors
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Living parts of an ecosystem
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Habitat
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A place within an ecosystem that provides the biotic and abiotic factors an organisms needs to survive and reproduce
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Population
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All organisms of the same species that live in the area at the same time
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Community
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All the populations living in an ecosystem at the same time
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Niche
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Is the way a species interacts with abiotic and biotic factors to obtain for, find shelter, and fulfill other needs
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Predation
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The act of one organisms, the predator, feeding on another organism, the prey
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Symbiosis
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A close long term relationship between two species that usually involve an exchange of food and energy
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Competition
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When organisms share the same habitat and compete for resources
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Population Density
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The side of population compared to the amount of space available
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Carrying Capacity
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The largest number of individuals of one species that an ecosystem can support over time
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Producers
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Organisms that use an outside energy source such as the Sun, and produce their own food
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Consumers
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Organisms that cannot make their own food so they obtain nutrients by eating others
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Detritivores
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Organisms that feed on the bodies of dead and wastes produced by living organisms
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Photosynthesis
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The use of carbon dioxide to make energy rich food
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Chemosynthesis
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The use of hydrogen sulfide to make energy rich food
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Transfer of Energy
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Through consumption of other organisms
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Food Web
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The model of energy transfer that can show how the food chains in community are interconnected
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Food Chain
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A simple model that shows how energy moves from producers to one or more consumers
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Energy Pyramid
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A model that shows the amount of energy available in each link of a food chain
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Nitrogen Cycle
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Describes how nitrogen moves from the atmosphere to the soil into the bodies of living organisms and back into the atmosphere
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Water Cycle
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How water evaporates from the earth's surface and rises into the atmosphere as water vapor
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Carbon Cycle
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Shows how carbon goes through the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem
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Renewable Resources
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Resources that can be replenished through natural processes faster than they are used
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Non Renewable Resources
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Resources that cannot be replenished because they are being used faster than replenished
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EPA
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Makes laws to help the environment flourish
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5 R's
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Restore, Rethink, Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle
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Biome
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A geographic area on earth that contains ecosystems with similar biotic and abiotic factors
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Deserts
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Driest Biome
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Grasslands
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Lands that have grasses as the most dominant plant
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Tropical Rain Forest
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A very humid and tropical area with wild animals and colorful plants with many layers of trees
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Temperate Rain Forest
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The humid area where winters are mild and summers are warm
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Temperate Deciduous Forest
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An area where deciduous trees are most common and seasons are best seen here
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Taiga
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Cold area where there are lots of cone bearing evergreen trees
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Tundra
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The coldest area where there is almost no life
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Salinity
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The amount of salt that dissolves in water
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Freshwater Streams and Rivers
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Areas of water where the water is always flowing
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Ponds and Lakes
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Areas of land that could either be man made or formed naturally that are full of water
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Wetlands
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A ecosystem that has a thin layer of water covering sold that is wet most of the time
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Estuaries
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Regions along coastlines where streams and rivers flow into a body of salt water
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Open Oceans
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The deepest part of the largest ecosystem in the world, this is also home to the most variety of animals
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Coastal Ocean
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Where the open ocean meets the land
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Coral Reefs
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Underwater structures formed from the skeletons of small corals
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Ecological Succession
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The process of one community gradually changing into another
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Climax Community
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A stable community that no longer goes through major ecological changes
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Primary Succession
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Succession that takes place in areas where there is not soil and where there never was ever a community
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Secondary Succession
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Succession that takes place in areas where there already is soil or there was previously a community there
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Pioneer Species
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The first species or organisms to colonize new and undisturbed land
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Eutrophication
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A process of a body of water becoming nutrient rich
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Deforestation
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Removal of large areas of forests for human purchase and development
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Urban Sprawl
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When more and more people began to move from their farm house to the city
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Increase in Motor Vehicles
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A trend that caused and increase in the need for motor vehicles
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Reforestation
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The planting of trees to replace trees that have been cut or burned down
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Reclamation
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The restoring of land disturbed by mining
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Point Source Pollution
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Pollution from a single source that can be pin pointed
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Non Point Source Pollution
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Pollution from several widespread sources
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Smog
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Caused when nitrogen and carbon compounds in the air react in sunlight
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Acid Precipitation
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Rain or snow that has a lower pH than that of normal rain water
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Particulate Matter
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A mix of both solid and liquid particles in the air
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CFC's
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Things that react with sunlight and destroy ozone molecules, this causes the ozone layer to thin
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Carbon Monoxide
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The gas released from cars and industries
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Global Warming
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The increase in the earth's overall temperature
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Green House Effect
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Natural Process that occurs when certain gases in the atmosphere absorb and reradiate thermal energy from the sun
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Air Quality Index
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Is the scale that ranks levels of ozone and other air pollutants
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Heredity
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The passing of traits from parents to offspring
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Genetics
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The study of heredity
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Alleles
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Genes with different information for a trait
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Inheriting Traits
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Through sexual or asexual reproduction
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Selective Breeding
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The selection of breeding of organisms for specific desired traits
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Dominant Trait
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A genetic factor that blocks another genetic factor
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Recessive Factor
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A genetic factor that is blocked by the presence of a dominant factor
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Genotype
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Are the alleles of all genes on an organism's chromosomes
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Phenotype
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How the traits appear on are expressed on the organisms
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Heterogenous
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When the organism's genotype has two different alleles for a trait that
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Homogenous
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When an organisms genotype has two identical alleles for a trait
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Monohybrid Cross
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A cross between two individuals that are hybrids for one trait
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Punnet Square
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Shows the probability of all possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring
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Incomplete Dominance
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When the offspring's phenotype is a combination of it's parents phenotypes
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Codominance
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When both alleles can be independently observed in phenotype
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Multiple Allels
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When a gene has more than two alleles
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Sex Linked Traits
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When the allele for a trait is on an X or Y Chromosome
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Polygenic Inheritance
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Occurs when multiple genes determine the phenotype of a trait
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Pedigree
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Shows genetic traits that were inherited by members of a family
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Mutations
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A permanent change in a sequence of DNA in a gene or chromosome
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Genetic Engineering
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Genetic material of an organism being modified by inserting DNA from another organisms
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Variation
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A slight difference in inherited traits among individuals in a population
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Natural Selection
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When individuals with variations that help them survive in their environment live longer
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Adaptation
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An inherited trait that increases an organisms's chance of sureviving and reproducing
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Evolution
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The change over time
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Extinction
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When the last individual of a species die
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Conservation Biology
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A branch of biology that studies why many species are in trouble and what can be done to save them
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