Science Final Exam Review

Front 1

How many steps are in the Engineering Design Process

Back 1

7

Front 2

What is the first step in the Engineering Process?

Back 2

Identify the problem or need

Front 3

What is the second step in the Engineering Process?

Back 3

Research the problem or need

Front 4

What is the third step in the Engineering Process?

Back 4

Develop possible solutions

Front 5

What is the fourth step in the Engineering Process?

Back 5

Select the best possible solutions

Front 6

What is the fifth step in the Engineering Process?

Back 6

Construct a prototype

Front 7

What is the sixth step in the Engineering Process?

Back 7

Test and evaluate the solution

Front 8

What is the seventh step in the Engineering Process?

Back 8

Communicate the solution and Redesign

Front 9

What are the types of waves?

Back 9

Transverse waves, Longitudinal waves, Electromagnetic waves, Mechanical waves

Front 10

What is a Transverse Wave?

Back 10

A transverse wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move in a direction perpendicular to the direction that the wave moves. Suppose that a slinky is stretched out in a horizontal direction across the classroom and that a pulse is introduced into the slinky on the left end by vibrating the first coil up and down.

Front 11

Types of Transverse Waves

Back 11

Electromagnetic Waves - Ex. Radio waves, light waves, thermal radiation, X ray etc.

Polarized Waves - property of waves that can move back and forth in the same speed with more than one orientation.

Ex. when you move your hand in a circular fashion you can get a circular polarized wave.

Front 12

How are the Transverse Waves formed?

Back 12

May occur on the string, on the surface of a liquid or solid

Front 13

What is a Longitudinal Wave?

Back 13

Longitudinal waves, also known as "l waves", are waves in which the displacement of the medium is in the same direction as, or the opposite direction to, the direction of travel of the wave. It could be compared to a “slinky”

Front 14

Types of Longitudinal Waves

Back 14

Sound Waves: For sound waves, the amplitude of the wave is the difference between the pressure of the undisturbed air and the maximum pressure caused by the wave. Sound's propagation speed depends on the type, temperature, and composition of the medium through which it propagates.

Pressure Waves: In an elastic medium with rigidity, a harmonic pressure wave that goes back and forth has the form.

Front 15

How are the Longitudinal Waves formed?

Back 15

The particles move left and right which in turn makes the other particles start to move back and forth

Front 16

What is an Electromagnetic wave?

Back 16

Electromagnetic waves are waves that consist of vibrating electric and magnetic fields.

The transfer of energy of electromagnetic waves is called electromagnetic radiation. These electromagnetic waves also transfer energy across the empty space.

Front 17

Types of Electromagnetic Waves?

Back 17

One of the most common examples of electromagnetic waves is static. another day to day object that has electromagnetic waves is magnets. There are many more that we have not discussed, but these are the most common.

Front 18

How are Electromagnetic Waves formed?

Back 18

Electromagnetic waves are created when particles that are electrically charged begin to vibrate. They can be present in accelerating changes; moving charges back and forth will produce oscillating electric and magnetic fields, and these travel at the speed of light

Front 19

What are mechanical waves?

Back 19

A mechanical wave is a wave that is not capable of transmitting its energy through a vacuum. They require a mediumThe medium: The intervening substance through which impressions are conveyed to the senses or a force acts on objects at a distance.

Front 20

Types of mechanical waves

Back 20

Sounds waves

Ocean waves

Slinky waves

Seismic waves

Jump rope waves

Stadium waves

Front 21

How are mechanical waves formed?

Back 21

Produced when some kind of energy moves a substance, a material or a liquid and then transport this energy, which then turns into mechanical waves. Can be produced only in media which possesses elasticity and inertia.

Can be produced by:

Voice

Currents

Wind

Earthquakes

Movement

Front 22

Why does the ocean have waves?

Back 22

The ocean is never still. Waves are created by energy passing through water, causing it to move in a circular motion. However, water does not actually travel in waves. Waves transmit energy.Waves are most commonly caused by wind. As wind blows across the surface of the ocean or a lake, the continual disturbance creates a wave crest.

Front 23

Were are the Galápagos Islands

Back 23

The Galapagos Islands are located in the Pacific Ocean.

The coordinates are (0°40′S 90°33′W)

Total Islands: 19

Highest point is the volcán wolf

It is Part of Ecuador

Capital City: Puerto Baquerizo Moreno

Front 24

Major Islands of the Galápagos

Back 24

Baltra Island

Bartolome Island

Española Island

Fernandina Island

Floreana Island

Genovesa Island

Isabela Island

Marchena Island

Seymour Norte Island

Pinzon Island

Pinta Island

Rabida Island

San Cristobal Island

Santa Cruz Island

Santa Fe Island

Santiago Island

Front 25

How old are the Galápagos Islands

Back 25

The oldest islands in the Galapagos are South Plaza of 4.2 million years and Española of 3.2 million years.

These dates correspond to when the island first surfaced above sea level. The submerged island bases could be up to fifteen million years old, Miocene geologic time.

Front 26

Climate in Galápagos Islands

Back 26

Its climate is mostly determined by the ocean currents, that are mostly influenced by the wind that pushes them.

Front 27

Currents that hit the Galápagos Islands

Back 27

Peruvian/Humboldt Current

Cromwell current/Equatorial Countercurrent

Panama Current

Front 28

What is the Peruvian/Humboldt Current?

Back 28

The galapagos is mostly cooled by the peruvian current also known as the Humboldt current. The Humboldt current is mostly swept northwards from the Antarctic. This current has a temperature of about 15ºC. Its cold water cools the air above them, which produces a temperature inversion.

Front 29

What is the Cromwell current/Equatorial Countercurrent?

Back 29

The cold Cromwell current also known as the Equatorial Countercurrent is also very important for the Galapagos Island. This is also the principal reason for the unusual appearance of marine environment around it.

Front 30

What is the Panama Current?

Back 30

It flows through the Galapagos in November. In this current the water is warmer and replaces the cold water from the Humboldt current. The water of the Panama current is not as rich as the Humboldt current therefore it makes the water clearer.

Front 31

How many Volcanoes are in the Galápagos Islands

Back 31

There are about 12 volcanoes in the Galapagos Islands

Front 32

Which are some if the Volcanoes in the Galápagos Islands

Back 32

Pinta Volcano

Marchena Volcano

Wolf Volcano

Ecuador Volcano

Darwin Volcano

Santiago Volcano

Fernandina Volcano

Cerro Azul Volcano

Front 33

What do you think would be the hardest part or parts of planning a mission toMars? Explain why you think these items will be so difficult.

Back 33

Some ofthe hardest things to do when you are planning to go to space, it building the shipbecause it costs an lot of money, and the measurments, and calculating that the shipwont go down and crash in mid air. I think it is also hard since you never know if theship will malfunction and be stuck in mars

Front 34

Define what you think a “good” mission to Mars would be and what the importantelements of the mission during the planning are.

Back 34

A good mission to mars would be a mission in which the ship is wellconstructed, and it will resist the environment of mars.A good mission would be a mission in which the astronauts are wellprepared mentally and physically, for any occasion. A mission that has goodresources, both for investigation, and for food to the people.

Front 35

Do scientists and engineers get everything they need and/or want when they areplanning their missions?

Back 35

No, they don't get everything they want because there is always a limit to buildinganything, and especially a mission that consumes a lot of NASA's money. They get some of the things they want or need but there is always a point in whichthe budget is too high.

Front 36

State Newton’s first law of motion

Back 36

An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion unless it is acted on by an unbalanced force.

Front 37

You don’t need to push off with a foot against the ground to start a skateboard rolling down a bank. Does this violate Newton’s first law of motion? Why or why not?

Back 37

No, because the skateboard was already moving

Front 38

What is inertia? Why is Newton’s first law of motion also called the law of inertia?

Back 38

Inertia is a property of matter by which it continues in its existing state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unless that state is changed by an external force. i think it is also called the law of inertia because they are basically the same thing.

Front 39

How is mass related to inertia?

Back 39

Mass is the quantity that depends on the inertia of an object. The more inertia that an object has, the more mass that it has. An object with more mass will have the tendency to resist changes in their state of motion.

Front 40

State Newton’s third law of motion.

Back 40

Every action has an opposite and equal reaction.

Front 41

Describe an example of an action and reaction. Identify the forces and their directions.

Back 41

When you are pushing something heavy, you are pushing backwards and the heavy thing is moving forward.

Front 42

Define momentum

Back 42

Momentum is a property of a moving object that makes it hard to stop.The more mass it has or the faster it’s moving, the greater its momentum. Momentum equals mass times velocity

Front 43

What is the equation for momentum?

Back 43

Momentum = Mass × Velocity

Front 44

What is the law of conservation of momentum?

Back 44

For a collision occurring between object 1 and object 2 in an isolated system, the total momentum of the two objects before the collision is equal to the total momentum of the two objects after the collision.

Front 45

What is velocity?

Back 45

Velocity is a measure of both speed and direction of motion. Velocity is a vector, which is a measurement that includes both size and direction.

Front 46

How does velocity differ from speed? Why is velocity a vector?

Back 46

Speed, being a scalar quantity, is the rate at which an object covers distance. The average speed is the distance (a scalar quantity) per time ratio. Speed is ignorant of direction. On the other hand, velocity is a vector quantity; it is direction-aware.

Front 47

Explain how an arrow can be used to represent velocity.

Back 47

Velocity can be represented by an arrow, with the length of the arrow representing speed and the way the arrow points representing direction.

Front 48

Define acceleration

Back 48

Acceleration is a measure of the change in velocity of a moving object. It measures the rate at which the change is occurring. It may reflect a change in speed, a change in direction, or both. Like velocity, acceleration is a vector.

Front 49

What is a vector?

Back 49

a quantity having direction as well as magnitude, especially as determining the position of one point in space relative to another.

Front 50

Why is Galapagos so visited?

Back 50

The galapagos islands is very visited by people outside of Ecuador because it has a very big variety of animals, and you can do many things. Some of the things you can do are swimming with sharks, visiting natural reserves and probably learn a lot from all of the animals, and cultural aspects of the galapagos aspects.

Front 51

Environmental Issues in Galapagos

Back 51

There are large amounts of environmental problems regarding the galapagos islands, some originating from the world climate changes such as El Niño , others arising from commercial fishing, and overpopulation, and many resulting from the tourism, this is because people visit Galapagos and often just throw things in the ground, or get things dirty over all.

Front 52

Pros of toursim

Back 52

👍The abundance of animal, plant and marine life and the proximity of them to humans. I don't think you can get like this with animals and marine creatures anywhere else in the world and they are not scared of us at all.So the best part of the galapagos is that the animals are approachable.

Front 53

Cons of toursim

Back 53

👎People outside from ecuador have to pay a big quantity of money for traveling to the galapagos islands.Tourism can negatively affect animals since they are not completely free, and the environment gets a little contaminated by some people.

Front 54

What is the Frigate Bird?

Back 54

The frigate bird is a family of seabirds that consists of five species. These five species are classified under the Genus Fregata. This family of birds is distinguished by the male's’ red pouch, which is used to attract females.

Front 55

Members of the Fregata Family

Back 55

Magnificent frigatebird (Fregata magnificens)

Ascension frigatebird (Fregata aquila)

Christmas frigatebird (Fregata andrewsi)

Great frigatebird (Fregata minor)

Lesser frigatebird (Fregata ariel)

Front 56

Magnificent Frigatebird

Back 56

This species is the one that can be found in the Galapagos Islands. They are the biggest of the frigatebird family and can also be found in the Cape Verde islands in the Atlantic.

Length: 89-114 cm

Wingspan: 217-244 cm

Front 57

What is the Blue footed booby?

Back 57

The blue footed booby is a marine bird that mainly lives in the Galapagos. This bird is named after its blue feet (which is a sexually selected trait) and dines only on fish. Finally the blue footed booby can lay 1-3 eggs at a time.

Front 58

Where can you find the blue footed boobies?

Back 58

The blue footed boobies lives along the continental coast of the eastern pacific ocean all the way from California, to Peru, and the Galapagos islands, however they are mostly in the Galapagos Islands.

Front 59

The color of the feat

Back 59

The blue footed boobies change their color of the foot to a more intense blue when they want to mate because the color of the foot attracts the females and the females like the turquoise-like color. Also, the red footed boobies are found in only specific locations in the Galapagos Islands.

Front 60

Background information on the blue footed booby

Back 60

Blue footed boobies dine only on fish

Measurements for both sexes:

Length: 90 cm

Wingspan: 62.2 cm

However, the females are bigger than the male blue footed boobies.

Front 61

Who was Charles Darwin

Back 61

Born in Shrewsbury,

February 12, 1809

Died in Downe, April 19, 1882

Spouse: Emma Darwin

Had 10 childrens

English Naturalist & Geologist

Best known for his contribution to the evolution theory

Front 62

What discoveries did Charles Darwin

Back 62

Didn’t create any inventions

Developed & Proposed the theory of evolution

When in Galapagos, he discovered 14 different species of finch. Each had different beaks.

He established that species descended over time from common ancestors

Front 63

How could you use the Engineering Process to solve this problem about waves; How could you track the amount of trash that has traveled from the coast of California, to the coast of Japan, to see how you could clean up the ocean?

Back 63

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Front 64

How could you use the Engineering Process to solve this problem about the Galapagos Islands; what could you do to create more tourism in the Galapagos Islands and attract more tourists?

Back 64

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Front 65

How could you use the Engineering Process to solve this problem about a mission to mars; How could you create a spaceship in which you could land and record data about the changes of Mars, that would not exceed a budget of $196 billion?

Back 65

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