Science Chapter 2- Cell Growth And Reproduction

Front 1

Nuclear membrane

Back 1

Surrounds the nucleus and is porous. It allows certain materials to pass in and out of the nucleus

Front 2

DNA

Back 2

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Combined with protein, they make up chromosomes.

DNA looks like a twisted ladder and provided the instructions for all cellular activities and structures

Front 3

Nucleolus

Back 3

Inside the nucleus

Creates ribosomes, which then leave and go to the cytoplasm

Front 4

Centrioles

Back 4

Made of microtubules. Found in most animal cells. They allow movement of the organelles and support for the cell

Front 5

Nucleotide

Back 5

Composed of a sugar molecule, a phosphate molecule, and a nitrogenous base

Front 6

Nitrogenous bases

Back 6

Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine.

A pairs with T

G pairs with C

Form the rungs on the DNA ladder.

Front 7

Amino Acids

Back 7

The small building blocks that make up a protein.

Each "three-letter word" of the nitrogenous bases codes for a different amino acid.

Front 8

Gene

Back 8

A short section of the DNA that contains the instructions to make a specific protein.

Front 9

Genome

Back 9

All of an organisms genes.

Front 10

Traits

Back 10

Variations in characteristics caused by different genes.

Front 11

Cell cycle

Back 11

Sequence of events in order from one cell division to another.

Front 12

Interphase

Back 12

Growing and working, copies organelles, replicates chromosomes to form sister chromatids

Front 13

Sister chromatids

Back 13

The chromosome and its copy which carry identical instructions for the functions of a cell.

Front 14

Parent cell

Back 14

The original cell that divides into two

Front 15

Daughter cells

Back 15

The parent cell after division

Front 16

Mitosis

Back 16

Contains prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Front 17

Cytokinesis

Back 17

Divided the cytoplasm in half

Pinching in animal cells

Vesicles form the cell plate in plants

Front 18

Prophase

Back 18

Chromatids thicken and become joined. Nucleolus disappears and the nuclear membrane breaks down. Centrioles start to form spindles

Front 19

Spindle

Back 19

Moves the chromatids during cell division

Front 20

Metaphase

Back 20

Sister chromatids attach to the spindle fibres. The chromatids line up across the middle of the cell.

Front 21

Anaphase

Back 21

Sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibres and move towards opposite poles of the cell

Front 22

Telophase

Back 22

Nuclear membranes form, the spindle disappears, chromosomes lengthen and thin, nucleoli reappear.

Front 23

Mutation

Back 23

A change in the DNA

can be

neutral

Harmful

Beneficial

Front 24

Cancer

Back 24

Cells divide rapidly and uncontrollably. Form tumours. Use more nutrients than normal cells. Enlarged nuclei

Can be benign or malignant

Front 25

Benign tumours

Back 25

Stay in one place and do not interfere with the functioning of the surrounding tissue and organs

Front 26

Malignant tumours

Back 26

Invade surrounding tissues and interfere with their functions.

Front 27

Metastasis

Back 27

The spread of cancer cells always from their original location. (Malignant tumours do this).

Front 28

Carcinogen

Back 28

A substance that can cause cancer.

Asbestos

Some pesticides

Radiation

Chemicals in tobacco

Front 29

The functions of cell division

Back 29

Growth

Repair

Reproduction

Front 30

Transcription

Back 30

mRNA is formed at the DNA

In the nucleus

Front 31

Translation

Back 31

When the tRNA uses the mRNA to bring the proper amino acids and form proteins in the rRNA

Front 32

Why don't cells simply increase size to grow?

Back 32

Volume increases faster than surface area so the cell cannot function efficiently.

Front 33

Name the two main categories of cells.

Back 33

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic.

Front 34

Label

Back 34

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrion

Cytoplasm

Rough ER

centriole

Smooth ER

Lysosomes

Nuclear membrane

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Chromosome

Ribosome

Cell membrane

Front 35

What is this?

Back 35

DNA

Front 36

Label

Back 36

Yellow-nitrogenous base

Green- sugar molecule

Purple- phosphate molecule

Entirety- nucleotide

Front 37

Describe.

Back 37

The DNA is unzipped to form mRNA which leaves the nucleus and goes out into the cytoplasm to find a ribosome. Once it finds a ribosome, tRNA will bring the

Front 38

Label the yellow

Back 38

1- nitrogenous bases

2- phosphate molecule

3- sugar molecule

4- nitrogenous bases

Front 39

What is the human genome?

Back 39

The human genome is all of the genes in a human. It is contained in the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of almost every cell in the body.

Front 40

Label the yellow

Back 40

1- interphase

2- prophase

3- metaphase

4- anaphase

5- telophase

6- cytokinesis starts

7- cytokinesis ends