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322 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what 2 people showed that amino acids can be made from inorganic chemicals present on the early Earth
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Urey and Miller
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what are 2 possible energy sources for making amino acids from inorganic chemicals
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UV light, electricity (lightning)
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how long ago did the first life form; what type of organism; where
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3.5 billion years ago; bacteria; ocean
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what percentage of all phyla have species that live in the ocean
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100%
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organisms that float on the surface of the water
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pleuston
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organisms that live in the surface layer of water
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neuston
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organisms that drift in the water, but do not have much control over their own movement
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plankton
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an individual planktonic organism
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plankter
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what percentage of the ocean's biomass belongs to plankton
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98%
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why do plankton have adaptations to increase their surface-area-to-volume ratio
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resist sinking
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autotrophic plankton
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phytoplankton
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heterotrophic plankton
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zooplankton
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free-floating bacteria
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bacterioplankton
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largest plankton size classification
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megaplankton
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order the following from largest to smallest: picoplankton, femtoplankton, nanoplankton
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nanoplankton, picoplankton, femtoplankton
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organisms that spend their whole lives as plankton
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holoplankton
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organisms that are only plankton in certain stages of their lives
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meroplankton
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organisms capable of swimming independently through the water
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nekton
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organisms that swim just above the sea floor
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nektobenthos [demersal organisms]
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organisms that live on or in the sea floor
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benthos
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what percentage of marine species are benthic
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98%
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benthic organisms that live in the sediment
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infauna
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benthic organisms that live on or attached to the sea floor
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epifauna
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benthic infaunal organisms that live between grains of sand
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interstitial fauna
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size group of organisms that are typically interstitial fauna
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meiofauna
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the homeostatic control of internal salinity
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osmoregulation
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how do marine fish cope with their bodies being hypotonic to their environment
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drink lots of water and remove the salt with chloride cells
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how do marine reptiles and birds remove excess salt from their bodies
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salt glands
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where in a fish are chloride cells found
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gills
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how do freshwater fish cope with their bodies being hypertonic to their environment
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urinate a lot
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frictional force of a fluid pushing back on an object as it passes through the fluid
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drag
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drag can be reduced by having a ___________ body
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streamlined
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form of camouflage where the ventral surface is light and the dorsal surface is dark
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countershading
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some marine organisms' ability to use sounds instead of light to see and locate things
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echolocation
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bold, contrasting color patterns that break up the organism’s outline, but do not match the background
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disruptive coloration
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what organ produces bioluminescence in deep-sea creatures
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photophore
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what compound found in bioluminescent organisms produces light when stimulated
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luciferin
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some bioluminescent organisms have a symbiotic relationship with what organisms that produce the light for them
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bacteria
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energy is absorbed and slowly released later as light
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phosphorescence
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absorption, then re-emittance of light with a longer wavelength
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fluorescence
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plant that thrives in saltwater or salty environments
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halophyte
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cell containing pigments that reflect light allowing an organism to camouflage itself
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chromatophore
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efficient method of exchanging gas or heat by running two blood vessels in opposite directions
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countercurrent heat/gas exchange
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most organisms in this class of animals have hard gas containers
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cephalopoda
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red blood protein containing iron that carries oxygen in vertebrates
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hemoglobin
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blue respiratory pigment containing iron that carries oxygen in some invertebrates, but is less efficient that hemoglobin
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hemocyanin
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describes an organism that tolerates a wide range of salinities
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euryhaline
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describes an organism that tolerates a wide range of temperatures
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eurythermal
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describes an organism that only tolerates a small range of salinities
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stenohaline
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describes an organism that only tolerates a small range of temperature
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stenothermal
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describes an organism that inhabits a wide depth range
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eurybathic
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describes an organism that inhabits a narrow depth range because it can't tolerate large changes in pressure
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stenobathic
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organisms that maintain a constant internal temperature by producing heat
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homeotherm/endotherm/"warm-blooded"
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organisms that uses the environment to alter its body temperature
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poikilotherm/ectotherm/"cold-blooded"
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2 autotrophic processes
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chemosynthesis, photosynthesis
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symmetry around a point; symmetry around an axis
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radial symmetry; bilateral symmetry
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concentration of sensory organs in the head
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cephalization
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concentration of poisons in an organism’s tissue
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bioaccumulation
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increase in concentration of poisons in organisms higher up in the food chain because top carnivores consume large amounts of prey with the poison
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biomagnification
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ring of ciliated tentacles used for feeding by brachiopods and bryozoans
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lophophore
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red protein in muscles that binds to oxygen and makes it available for respiration in muscles
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myoglobin
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what type of muscle is best for endurance: red or white
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red muscle (more myoglobin)
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an organism's: leading end; tail end; bottom side; top side
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anterior; posterior; ventral; dorsal
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side of organims opposite of the mouth
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aboral
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socially-organized group of fish, squid, or crustaceans
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school
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school of fish swimming in close formation to protect from predators
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bait ball
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2 advantages of schooling
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protection, ensures fertilization
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what organism makes the longest annual migration; how long is the journey
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gray whale; 22,000 km
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spawn in the ocean, then spend their adult lives in freshwater rivers, and return back to the ocean to lay eggs
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catadromous fish
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spawn in freshwater rivers, then spend their adult lives in the ocean, and return to rivers to lay eggs
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anadromous fish
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example of a catadromous fish; example of an anadromous fish
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American eel; salmon
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an organism that takes in water and filters out plankton
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filter/suspension feeder
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carnivore that eats only fish
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piscivore
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mat or layer of microorganisms on the sea floor or another substrate
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biofilm
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organism that feeds on organic deposits or biofilms
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deposit feeder [grazer]
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dead and decaying organic matter including waste
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detritus
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species with the ability to change sex or has sexual organs of both sexes
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hermaphrodite
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describes an organism that lays many eggs that hatch in the open water
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oviparous
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describes an organism that incubates its eggs internally, but does not have a placenta
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ovoviviparous
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where does a sea horse put her eggs for protection
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a pouch in the male
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describes an organism that incubates its young internally with a nutrient-rich placenta and gives live birth
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viviparous
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growth and development of an egg without being fertilized
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parthenogenesis
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amount of offspring produced by an organism
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fecundity
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laying large quantities of eggs in the water
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spawning
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what percent of all protoplasm (substance of living things) is water
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80%
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reduction of photosynthesis due to too much light
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photoinhibition
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macroscopic aggregates of amorphous material from living organisms
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marine snow
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24-hour cycle; 12-hour (daytime) cycle
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diel; diurnal
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energy-saving state in which an animal does not feed and its metabolism slows
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diapause
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disturbance and movement of soft sediments done by benthic organisms, such as sea cucumbers and worms
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bioturbation
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who proposed the "iron hypothesis"
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John Martin
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what rare nutrient has been used to seed the ocean to increase productivity and reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide
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iron
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2 temperate coastal grasses
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eelgrass, surf grass
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tropical coastal grass
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turtle grass
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common grass found in salt marshes
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marsh grass
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dominant low marsh plant in North America
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cordgrass
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what factor in a turtle's nest determines the sex ratio of the hatchlings
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temperature
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the shell on the back of an organism such as a turtle
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carapace
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where are sea snakes found
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Indian ocean, Pacific ocean
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what is the largest sea turtle
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leatherback turtle
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most endangered sea turtle
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Kemp's ridley turtle
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largest part of an average sea turtle's diet
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jellyfish
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dinoflagellate algae that provides coral with nourishment (by doing photosynthesis) and helps it precipitate carbonate for the reef
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zooxanthellae
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corals that build reefs and have a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae
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hermatypic
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corals that have no mutualistic relationship with zooxanthellae and don't build reefs
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ahermatypic
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soft corals, which include sea pens and sea fans
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octocorals
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hard corals and sea anemones
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hexacorals
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part of a coral that attaches to a substrate
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basal plate
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the common soft tissue that unites individual hydroids to form a colony
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coenosarc
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small, free-living, larval stage of many cnidarian species
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planula
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a sea anemone’s tentacles with many nematocysts
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acrorhagi
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branching corals with horny skeletons sometimes made of gorgonin protein
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gorgonians (sea fans, sea whips)
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clear, jelly-like material in the bodies of cnidarians and ctenophores
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mesoglea
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asexual cnidarian stage; sexual cnidarian stage
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polyp; medusa
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corals only exist in which cnidarian life stage
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polyp
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cnidarians' harpoon-like projectiles that are ejected for defense or to capture prey
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nematocysts
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specialized cell in a cnidarian that contains a nematocyst
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cnidocyte
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floating gas-filled chamber of a siphonophore, such as the Portuguese man-of-war
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pneumatophore
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light-sensitive organs on the bell of some jellyfish
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ocelli
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gravity-sensitive organs on the bell of some jellyfish that aid in orientation
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otocyst/statocyst
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largest cnidarian; how large can it get
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lion's mane jellyfish; 2 m diameter
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comb-jellies
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ctenophores
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what does ctenophore mean in Greek; why do they have this name
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"comb-bearer"; rows of cilia (for locomotion) look like combs
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cells on ctenophores' tentacles that release sticky threads that catch prey on contact with them
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colloblasts
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most primitive phylum of multicellular animals
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porifera
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small calcareous or siliceous structures that fit together to form a sponge’s skeleton (along with proteins)
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spicules
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flexible protein that holds together the hard parts of the sponge’s skeleton
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spongin
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cavity in the middle of a sponge
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spongocoel
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cells in sponges with flagella used for filter feeding
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choanocytes [collar cells]
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group of primitive jawless fish with elongated bodies; examples
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agnatha; lamprey, hagfish
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parasitic aganathan that attaches to other fish and sucks their fluid
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lamprey
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group of fish with cartilaginous skeletons and no scales
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chrondrichthyes
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what organ helps a shark maintain buoyancy
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oil-filled liver
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true or false: some sharks are fertilized internally and are ovoviviparous
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true
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largest fish; second largest fish; what do they eat
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whale shark; basking shark; plankton
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shark that can live in saltwater and freshwater
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bull shark
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what do manta rays eat
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plankton
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group of fish with bone skeletons and are the most advanced type of fish
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osteichthyes
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largest, most-advanced subgroup of bony fish
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teleostii
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fish with a modified dorsal fin with a bioluminescent lure to attract fish
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anglerfish
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small silvery fish that spawns on the California coast in large numbers and is the only fish that comes ashore to spawn
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grunion
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warm-water fish that has a suction disk to attach itself to other fish, usually sharks, for locomotive purposes
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remora
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dolphin fish
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mahi mahi
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2 adaptations of deep-sea fish that allow them to eat prey larger than themselves
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unhingeable jaws, expandable digestive tract
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a young eel
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elver
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fish that spits a stream of water at insects to get them to fall into the water
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archerfish
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highly camouflaged fish that has spines containing venom
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stonefish
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deepest fish ever recorded; how deep
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cusk eel; 8400 m
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electrical sensory organ in the heads of sharks and rays that allows the animal to detect temperature changes and electric fields
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Ampullae of Lorenzini
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respiratory organs that exchange gases directly between water and capillaries
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gills
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fish organ that detects underwater vibrations and is capable of determining the direction of their source
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lateral line
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receptors in a fish's lateral line that contain groups of hair cells
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neuromasts
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bony plates above the gills that allow bony fish to force water past the gills without swimming
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operculum
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forcing water past the gills by swimming, which must be done by sharks, skates, and rays
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ram ventilation
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membrane-bound air-filled sac found in some slow-moving bony fish that allows the fish to achieve neutral buoyancy
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swim bladder
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tube that allows some fish to quickly take gas in or out of the swim bladder by exchanging it through the esophagus
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pneumatic duct
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what organ does commercial fish oil (used in vitamin supplements) come from
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liver
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a fish protein extracted from Alaskan pollocks that is used in artificial crab meat
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surimi
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sturgeon eggs harvested for food before their trade became illegal
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caviar
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Japanese delicacy made from pufferfish, which have poison in their tissues
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fugu
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2 basic methods used by fish to capture prey
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lunging, cruising
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paired fins used to turn, brake, and balance
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pectoral & pelvic fins
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fins used to stabilize a fish
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dorsal & anal fins
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fin used to propel a fish forward
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caudal fin
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asymmetrical caudal fin that provides lift; example of fish with this fin
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heterocercal fin; shark
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4 types of homocercal caudal fin
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lunate, forked, truncate, rounded
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3 feeding techniques used by sea birds to capture underwater prey
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active pursuit, skimming, plunging
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group of Arctic marine birds that includes puffins
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auks
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bird with the largest wingspan of any extant bird
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albatross
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bird that is described as dumb because it doesn't resist capture
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booby
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where are penguins found
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Antarctic, Galapagos islands
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deepest-diving, largest bird
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emperor penguin
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penguin that has an unusual 18-month breeding cycle
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king penguin
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gathering of male whales to make competitive mating displays
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lek
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regulates conservation of whales and put a moratorium on whaling in 1986
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International Whaling Commission (IWC)
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thick layer of insulating fat in most marine mammals
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blubber
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oil-filled organ in a whale’s head that changes shape to focus sound
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melon
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taking several short breaths at the surface, then holding one’s breath
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apnea [apneustic breathing]
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slowing of the heart rate to conserve oxygen while diving
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bradycardia
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whale's horizontal tail fin with no bones
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fluke
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sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs with capillaries
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alveoli
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describes the sickle shape of a dolphin’s dorsal fin
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falcate
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humpback whales release bubbles around schools of fish, acting as nets, making the fish easier to catch
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bubble-net feeding
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group of toothed whales; examples
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odontoceti; sperm whales, killer whales [orcas], dolphins, porpoises
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group of baleen whales
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mysticeti
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largest toothed whale
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sperm whale
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which makes lower-frequency sounds: toothed or baleen whales
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baleen whales
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waxy substance found in sperm whales to protect their digestive tracts from the hard beaks of squid
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ambergris
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the waxy substance in a sperm whale’s forehead which allows it to dive to different depths because it changes density at different temperatures
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spermaceti
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what is the deepest-diving marine mammal; it can dive to at least what depth
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sperm whale; 2800+ m
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structure in a sperm whale that makes clicking noises
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museau du singe [monkey's muzzle]
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generates sound in toothed whales other than sperm whales
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blowhole
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called the “wolves of the sea” due to their group hunting habits
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killer whales [orcas]
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social group of toothed whales
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pod
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largest whale; second largest whale
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blue whale; finback whale
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some whales' sieve-like plates that filter out plankton from the water
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baleen
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what protein is baleen made of
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keratin
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what whale has experienced the greatest net percentage decline of any whale since humans began hunting it
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right whale
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gray whales’ method of sucking up benthic organisms, then filtering them out with their baleen
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suction feeding
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the only marine mammals without blubber, but have thick fur to make up for it
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sea otters
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how do polar bears catch seals swimming beneath the ice
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they wait for them to come out of holes to breathe
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marine mammal with ivory
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walrus
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a manatee species that went extinct in the 1700s shortly after its discovery due to overhunting
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Steller's sea cow
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what is the current cause of most manatee deaths in Florida
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boat collisions
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pinnipeds that are earless, better adapted for aquatic movement, and have streamlined snouts
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true seals
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pinnipeds that have external ears, are better adapted for terrestrial movement, and have large foreflippers
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sealions [eared seals]
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what type of pinniped is a fur seal
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sealion
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water-filled tubes that allow an echinoderm to walk and grab prey
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tube feet
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circulates nutrients around an echinoderm's body
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water vascular system
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structures that extend an echinoderm's tube feet by pressurizing them
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ampullae
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aboral opening used to filter water into the water vascular system of an echinoderm
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madreporite
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area where sea urchins have devoured kelp forests because their predators, such as otters, have declined
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urchin barren
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echinoderm that eats large amounts of coral
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crown-of-thorns starfish
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the calcareous plates that form the skeletons of starfish and sea urchins
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ossicles
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tiny pincers used by starfish and urchins to destroy encrusting organisms that try to settle on them
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pedicillariae
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powerful feeding apparatus of sea urchins used for grazing with 5 grinding teeth in a circle
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Aristotle's lantern
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defensive mechanism of sea cucumbers where they shoot out their internal organs as a decoy and grow them back later
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evisceration
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first planktonic larval stage of some crustaceans, such as crabs
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zoea
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larval stage of barnacles that attaches to a substrate
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cypris
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planktonic larval stage of barnacles and copepods
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nauplius
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large pincer claw(s) of some crustaceans, such as lobsters and fiddler crabs
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chela
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carbohydrate polymer that is the key component of the exoskeletons of arthropods
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chitin
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small but macroscopic crustacean zooplankton
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euphausiids [krill]
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most numerous zooplankton
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copepods
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on what island do red crabs migrate across in masses each year to spawn
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Christmas Island
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support for an mollusc's body provided by internal fluid pressure
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hydrostatic skeleton
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what does mollusc mean
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"soft body"
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planktonic larval stage of some molluscs resembling their adult form
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veliger
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group of organs in a mollusc
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visceral mass
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mollusc organ that secretes calcium carbonate to make the shell
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mantle
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calcium carbonate coating applied by a mollusk’s mantle around an irritant
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pearl
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a mollusc's elongated rasping organ used to scrape food off rocks
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radula
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tubes that allow bivalves to take in water and filter out plankton for food
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siphons
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used by cephalopods such as squids for jet propulsion through the water
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siphon
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genus of cuttlefish, a cephalopod, that used to be the source of a certain brand of ink that went by the same name
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Sepia
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strong fibers produced by mussels to attach to other objects
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byssal threads [bivalve beard]
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winged snails that use mucus webs to catch prey
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pteropods
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feathery external gills of nudibranchs
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ctenidia
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class of invertebrates with complex nervous systems
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cephalopoda
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tube connecting each chamber in a nautilus
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siphuncle
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microscopic zooplankton that use slender pseudopodia that project through their CaCO3 test to catch prey
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foraminiferans
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"living snowflakes of the sea"
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radiolarians
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spherical microscopic zooplankton with spiny silica tests
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radiolarians
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radiolarians' special branched pseudopodia used for capturing prey
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axopodia
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small zooplankton with vase-shaped, protein shells and cilia
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tintinnids
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3 methods used by scientists to obtain small plankton
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plankton net, centrifugation, filtration
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unicellular eukaryotic photosynthesizers
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algae
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fastest growing kelp; how fast can it grow; how tall can it get
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giant kelp [Macrocystis]; 50 cm/day; 50 m
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structure that holds kelp in place like a roots do for a plant, except it absorbs nothing
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holdfast
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kelp's stalk
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stipe
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kelp's structures analagous to plants' leaves
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blades
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gas-filled air sacs that support the blades and stipes of brown kelp
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pneumatocysts
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brown pigment in brown algae
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fucoxanthin
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yellow pigment in brown algae
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xanthophyll
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brown algae
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phaeophyta
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genus of planktonic macroalgae [seaweed] common in the Sargasso Sea
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Sargassum
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green algae
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chlorophyta
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green pigment in algae; what metal is found in this pigment
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chlorophyll; magnesium
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red pigment in red algae
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phycoerythrin
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red algae
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rhodophyta
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type of algae sometimes found below the euphotic zone
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red algae
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gelatinous molecules from red algae
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carageenans
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what group of organisms does agar come from
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red algae
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dominant yellow-orange pigment in golden algae
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carotin
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golden algae
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chrysophyta
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group that dinoflagellates belong to
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pyrrophyta
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what does dinoflagellate mean in Latin
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"terrible whip"
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thick cellulose cell wall carried by some dinoflagellates
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theca
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a diatom's silica test
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frustule
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radially symmetric frustule shape; bilaterally symmetric frustule shape
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centric; pennate
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young diatom zygote with no frustule
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auxospore
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warm-water phytoplankton with calcium carbonate plates; what are the plates called
|
coccolithophores; coccoliths
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place with lots of chalk derived from coccolithophores
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White Cliffs, Dover, England
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dormant stage of some protists, such as diatoms, or bacteria that allow them to survive through unfavorable conditions
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cyst
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pigments that transfer light energy to chlorophyll-a, the dominant pigment
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accessory pigments
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algae that live in or on ice
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epontic algae
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algae that grow on other plants or kelp
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epiphytes
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some species of green or red algae that incorporate calcium carbonate in their tissues and may contribute to reef growth
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coralline algae
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|
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segmented, ciliated, larval form of organisms from several different phyla, including mollusca, annelida, and nemertea
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trochophore
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small, streamlined carnivores that use clusters of hooks to catch prey
|
arrow worms [chaetognaths]
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|
|
phylum of roundworms
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nematoda
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|
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long worms with a proboscis that can be ejected by hydrostatic pressure for capturing food
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ribbon worms [phylum nemertea]
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|
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phylum of flatworms
|
platyhelminthes
|
|
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phylum of segmented worms
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annelida
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|
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annelid that creates a U-shaped tunnel and strengthens the walls with mucus
|
lugworm
|
|
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predatory annelids with appendages called parapodia
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polychaetes
|
|
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sessile worms that secrete tubes to live in and have a cluster of tentacles projecting from the tube
|
beard worms
|
|
|
giant tube worm's body sac that holds chemosynthetic bacteria
|
trophosome
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|
|
the mucus balloons that tunicates live in
|
tunics
|
|
|
bacteria responsible for at least half of the ocean's biomass
|
prochlorococcus
|
|
|
bacteria that builds stromatolites and does photosynthesis in tropical areas
|
cyanobacteria
|
|
|
five kingdoms (of the deprecated system)
|
monera, fungi, animalia, protista, plantae
|
|
|
domain of organisms that live in extreme environments and includes methanogens
|
archaea
|
|
|
3 domains of life
|
archaea, bacteria, eukarya
|
|
|
man who developed the basis for modern classification
|
Carolus Linnaeus
|
|
|
7 taxonomic levels
|
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
|
|
|
phylum of sponges
|
porifera
|
|
|
phylum with nematocysts
|
cnidaria
|
|
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class of common jellyfish
|
scyphozoa
|
|
|
class of hydroids and the Portuguese man-of-war
|
hydrozoa
|
|
|
class of coral and sea anemones
|
anthozoa
|
|
|
class of toxic cube jellyfish
|
cubozoa
|
|
|
phylum of crabs and sea spiders
|
arthropoda
|
|
|
subphylum of crabs, lobsters, barnacles
|
crustacea
|
|
|
order that includes lobsters and crabs
|
decapoda
|
|
|
mollusc class of sea slugs [nudibranchs] and snails
|
gastropoda
|
|
|
mollusc class of clams, oysters, mussels
|
bivalvia
|
|
|
mollusc class of nautilus, octopus, squid, cuttlefish
|
cephalopoda
|
|
|
mollusc class of chitons
|
polyplacophora
|
|
|
echinoderm class of sea urchins and sand dollars
|
echinoidea
|
|
|
echinoderm class of sea cucumbers
|
holothuroidea
|
|
|
echinoderm class of starfish
|
asteroidea
|
|
|
echinoderm class of brittle stars
|
opthuroidea
|
|
|
echinoderm class of feather stars and sea lilies
|
crinoidea
|
|
|
phylum of moss animals
|
bryozoa
|
|
|
phylum of animals that look just live bivalves but aren't molluscs
|
brachiopoda
|
|
|
subphylum of salps/tunicates/sea squirts
|
urochordata
|
|
|
subphylum of lancelets
|
cephalochordata
|
|
|
group within the order carnivora to which seals, sealions, and walruses belong
|
pinnipedia
|
|
|
order of whales, dolphins, and porpoises
|
cetacea
|
|
|
order of manatees and dugongs (sea cows)
|
sirenia
|
|
|
order of polar bears, otters, and seals
|
carnivora
|
