<Essofocean8Ed> Chapter 3: Marine Provinces

Front 1

mapping and charting of the sea floor

Back 1

bathymetry

Front 2

measuring depth

Back 2

sounding

Front 3

device that measures depth

Back 3

depth recorder, echo sounder

Front 4

sound signal sent and detected by echo sounders

Back 4

ping

Front 5

1 fathom

Back 5

6 feet

Front 6

PDR; when was it developed

Back 6

precision depth recorder; 1950s

Front 7

sonar stands for?

Back 7

sound navigation and ranging

Front 8

ship that made the first truly oceanographic expedition and obtained bathymetric data

Back 8

HMS Challenger

Front 9

what was the first multibeam echo sounder

Back 9

Seabeam

Front 10

what is the maximum width that can be mapped by a side-scan sonar system

Back 10

60 km

Front 11

strip of ocean floor mapped by sonar systems

Back 11

swath

Front 12

examples of side-scan sonar systems

Back 12

GLORIA, Sea MARC

Front 13

the sea floor can be mapped from space due to anomalies in sea surface height caused by what

Back 13

gravity from bottom features (seamounts)

Front 14

data about rock layers obtained from underwater man-made low-frequency explosions

Back 14

seismic reflection profiles

Front 15

a curve showing the distribution of land at certain elevations and depth

Back 15

hypsographic curve

Front 16

first oceanographic satellite; what did it measure

Back 16

Seasat A; ocean surface temperature

Front 17

what satellite replaced TOPEX/Poseidon for measuring sea surface heights

Back 17

Jason-1

Front 18

area extending from coast to the bottom of the continental rise

Back 18

continental margin

Front 19

continental margin with no plate boundaries nearby

Back 19

passive margin (Atlantic-type margin)

Front 20

continental margin with a plate boundary nearby (typically convergent; sometimes transform)

Back 20

active margin (Pacific-type margin)

Front 21

flat zone extending from the shore to the top of the continental slope

Back 21

continental shelf

Front 22

edge of the continental shelf; average depth

Back 22

shelf break; 135 m

Front 23

offshore area along California where transform faults result in basins and islands

Back 23

"continental borderland"

Front 24

name the sections of offshore features starting from land

Back 24

continental shelf, shelf break, continental slope, continental rise, ocean basin (abyssal plain)

Front 25

V-shaped indentation in some parts of the continental slope

Back 25

submarine canyon

Front 26

cause of submarine canyon; a rapid flow of sediments down a continental slope spurred by an earthquake

Back 26

turbidity current

Front 27

succcessive deposits of sediment sorted by size that form the continental rise

Back 27

graded bedding

Front 28

large deposit of turbidite sediment at the bottom of a single submarine canyon; collectively form continental rise

Back 28

deep-sea fan (submarine fan)

Front 29

largest deep-sea fan in the world

Back 29

Indus Fan, west of India

Front 30

Jacques-Yves Coustaeau's early attempt at an underwater living station

Back 30

Continental Shelf Station (Conshelf)

Front 31

US Navy's underwater living project which included a trained dolphin

Back 31

Sealab

Front 32

in graded bedding, are the largest or smallest rocks at the bottom

Back 32

largest rocks on bottom

Front 33

process that forms flat abyssal plains by depositing sediments over millions of years

Back 33

suspension settling

Front 34

volcanic peaks that are less than 1 km tall

Back 34

abyssal hills (seaknolls)

Front 35

areas of abundant abyssal hills

Back 35

abyssal hill provinces

Front 36

a deep, narrow, steep-sided area beyond the continental slope at subduction zones

Back 36

trench

Front 37

longest trench in the world; length?

Back 37

Peru-Chile trench of Pacific Ocean; 5900 km

Front 38

the region along the edges of the Pacific Oceans with the majority of Earth's volcanoes and earthquakes

Back 38

Pacific Ring of Fire

Front 39

which has gentler, less rugged slopes: mid-ocean ridge or rise

Back 39

mid-ocean rise

Front 40

smooth rocks that form around underwater volcanoes due to quick cooling of basaltic lava

Back 40

pillow lava (pillow basalts)

Front 41

the spread of warm, mineral-rich, low-density water from the eruption of an underwater volcano

Back 41

megaplume

Front 42

fractures near sea-floor spreading centers (mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys) where hot seawater comes out

Back 42

hydrothermal vents

Front 43

type of hydrothermal vent with temperatures below 30C and clear water

Back 43

warm-water vent

Front 44

type of hydrothermal vent with temperatures between 30 and 350C and white, barium-sulfide-rich water

Back 44

white smoker

Front 45

type of hydrothermal vent with temperatures above 350C and black metal sulfides

Back 45

black smoker

Front 46

why doesn't steam come out of hydrothermal vents instead of liquid water

Back 46

high pressure

Front 47

typical organisms found in hydrothermal vent communities

Back 47

clams, mussels, tubeworms

Front 48

how tall are the tallest black smokers

Back 48

60 m

Front 49

bacteria use what molecule to do chemosynthesis at hydrothermal vents

Back 49

hydrogen sulfide

Front 50

area around the French Polynesia where much of Earth's heat is released

Back 50

Superswell