Rice Medical Terminology Chapter 4

Front 1

bones

Back 1

provide shape, support, protection, and the framework of the body. serve as a storage place for mineral salts, calcium, and phosphorus. play an important role in the formation of blood cells. provide areas for the attachment of skeletal muscles. help make movement possible.

Front 2

cartilages

Back 2

form the major portion of the embryonic skeleton and part of the skeleton in adults.

Front 3

ligaments

Back 3

connect the articular ends of bones, binding them together and facilitating or limiting motion. connect cartilage and other structures. serve to support or attach fascia or muscles.

Front 4

flat bones

Back 4

ribs, scapula, parts of the pelvic girdle, bones of the skull.

Front 5

long

Back 5

tibia femur, humerus, radius.

Front 6

short

Back 6

carpal, tarsal

Front 7

irregular

Back 7

vertebrae, ossicles of the ear.

Front 8

sesamoid

Back 8

patella

Front 9

sutural or wormian

Back 9

between the flat bones of the skull.

Front 10

epiphysis

Back 10

the ends of a developing bone.

Front 11

diaphysis

Back 11

the shaft of a long bone.

Front 12

periosteum

Back 12

the membrane that forms the covering of bones except at their articular surfaces.

Front 13

compact bone

Back 13

the dense, hard layer of bone tissue.

Front 14

medullary canal

Back 14

a narrow space or cavity throughout the length of the diaphysis.

Front 15

endosteum

Back 15

a tough, connective tissue membrane lining the medullary canal and containing the bone marrow.

Front 16

cancellous or spongy bone

Back 16

the reticular tissue that makes up most of the volume of bone.

Front 17

synarthrosis

Back 17

does not permit movement. the bones are in close contact with each other and there is no joint cavity an example is the cranial sutures

Front 18

amphiarthrosis

Back 18

permits very slight movement. an example of this type of joint is the vertebrae.

Front 19

diarthrosis

Back 19

allows free movement in a variety of directions. examples of this type of joint are the knee, hip, elbow, wrist, and foot.

Front 20

condyle

Back 20

a rounded process that enters into the formation of a joint, articulation

Front 21

crest

Back 21

a ridge on a bone

Front 22

fissure

Back 22

a slit-like opening between two bones.

Front 23

foramen

Back 23

an opening in the bone for blood vessels, ligaments, and nerves.

Front 24

fossa

Back 24

a shallow depression in or on a bone

Front 25

head

Back 25

the rounded end of a bone

Front 26

meatus

Back 26

a tube-like passage or canal.

Front 27

process

Back 27

an enlargement or protrusion of a bone.

Front 28

sinus

Back 28

an air cavity within vertain bones

Front 29

spine

Back 29

a pointed, sharp, slender process.

Front 30

sulcus

Back 30

a groove, furrow, depression, or fissure.

Front 31

trochanter

Back 31

a very large process of the femur.

Front 32

tubercle

Back 32

a small, rounded process.

Front 33

tuberosity

Back 33

a large, rounded process.

Front 34

abduction

Back 34

the process of moving a body part away from the middle.

Front 35

adduction

Back 35

the process of moving a body part toward the middle.

Front 36

circumduction

Back 36

the process of moving a body part in a circular motion.

Front 37

dorsiflexion

Back 37

the process of bending a body part backward.

Front 38

eversion

Back 38

the process of turning outward.

Front 39

extension

Back 39

the process of straightening a flexed limb.

Front 40

flexion

Back 40

the process of bending a limb

Front 41

inversion

Back 41

the process of turning inward

Front 42

pronation

Back 42

the process of lying prone or face downward, also the process of turning the hand so the palm faces downward.

Front 43

retraction

Back 43

the process of moving a body part backward

Front 44

protraction

Back 44

the process of moving a body part forward.

Front 45

rotation

Back 45

the process of moving a body part around a central axis.

Front 46

supination

Back 46

the process of lying supine or face upward; also the process of turning the palm or foot upward.

Front 47

vertebral column

Back 47

is composed of a series of separate bones (vertebrae) connected in such a way as to form four spinal curves.

Front 48

curves of the spine

Back 48

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral.

Front 49

cervical curve

Back 49

contains the first 7 vertebrae

Front 50

thoracic curve

Back 50

consists of the next 12 vertebrae

Front 51

lumbar curve

Back 51

consists of the next 5 vertebrae

Front 52

sacral curve

Back 52

consists of sacrum and coccyx.

Front 53

male pelvis

Back 53

shaped like a funnel, forming a narrower outlet than the female. it is heavier and stronger than the female pelvis; therefore, it is more suited for lifting and running.

Front 54

female pelvis

Back 54

is shaped like a basin. it may be oval to round and it is wider than the male pelvis. the female pelvis is constructed to accommodate the fetus during pregnancy and to facilitate its downward passage through the pelvic cavity in childbirth. in general the female pelvis is broader and lighter than the male pelvis.

Front 55

osteoporosis

Back 55

loss of bone mass.

Front 56

acetabular

Back 56

the cup-shaped socket of the hipbone into which the thighbone fits.

Front 57

achondroplasia

Back 57

a defect in the formation of cartilage at the epiphyses of long bones.

Front 58

acroarthritis

Back 58

inflammation of the joints of the hands or feet.

Front 59

acromion

Back 59

the projection of the spine of the scapula that forms the point of the shoulder and articulates with the clavicle

Front 60

ankylosis

Back 60

a condition of stiffening of a joint.

Front 61

arthralgia

Back 61

pain in a joint

Front 62

arthritis

Back 62

inflammation of a joint

Front 63

arthrocentesis

Back 63

surgical puncture of a joint for removal of fluid.

Front 64

arthroplasty

Back 64

surgical repair of a joint.

Front 65

arthroscope

Back 65

an instrument used to examine the interior of a joint.

Front 66

bone marrow transplant

Back 66

the surgical process of transferring bone marrow from a donor to a patient.

Front 67

bursa

Back 67

a small space between muscles, tendons, and bones that is lined with synovial membrane and contains a fluid, sunovia

Front 68

bursitis

Back 68

inflammation of a bursa

Front 69

calcaneal

Back 69

pertaining to the heel bone.

Front 70

calcium

Back 70

a mineral that is essential for bone growth, teeth development, blood coagulation, and many other functions.

Front 71

carpal

Back 71

pertaining to the wristbone.

Front 72

carpal tunnel syndrome

Back 72

a condition caused by compression of the median nerve by the carpal ligament; symptoms: soreness, tenderness, weakness, pain, tingling and numbness at the wrist.

Front 73

cartilage

Back 73

a specialized type of fibrous connective tissue present in adults, which forms the major portion of the embryonic skeleton.

Front 74

cast

Back 74

a type of material, made of plaster of paris, sodium silicate, starch or dextrin used to immobilize a fractured bone, a dislocation, or a sprain.

Front 75

chondral

Back 75

pertaining to cartilage.

Front 76

chondrocostal

Back 76

pertaining to the rib cartilage.

Front 77

clavicular

Back 77

pertaining to the clavicle

Front 78

coccygeal

Back 78

pertaining to the coccyx

Front 79

coccygodynia

Back 79

pain in the coccyx

Front 80

collagen

Back 80

a fibrous insoluble protein found in the connective tissue, skin, ligaments, and cartilage.

Front 81

connective

Back 81

that which connects or binds together.

Front 82

costal

Back 82

pertaining to the rib

Front 83

costosternal

Back 83

pertaining to a rib and the sternum

Front 84

craniectomy

Back 84

surgical excision of a portion of the skull

Front 85

craniotomy

Back 85

incision into the skull.

Front 86

dactylic

Back 86

pertaining to the finger or toe.

Front 87

dactylogram

Back 87

a fingerprint

Front 88

dislocation

Back 88

the displacement of a bone from a joint

Front 89

femoral

Back 89

pertaining to the femur; the thighbone.

Front 90

fibular

Back 90

pertaining to the fibula

Front 91

fixation

Back 91

the process of holding or fastening in a fixed position; making rigid, immobilizing.

Front 92

flatfoot

Back 92

an abnormal flatness of the sole and arch of the foot; also known as pes planus.

Front 93

genu valgum

Back 93

knock-knee

Front 94

genu varum

Back 94

bowleg

Front 95

gout

Back 95

a hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis; usually begins in the knee or foot but can affect any joint.

Front 96

hallux

Back 96

the big or great toe

Front 97

hammertoe

Back 97

an acquired flexion deformity of the interphalangeal joint.

Front 98

humeral

Back 98

pertaining to the humerus.

Front 99

hydrarthrosis.

Back 99

condition of fluid in a joint

Front 100

iliac

Back 100

pertaining to the ilium.

Front 101

iliosacral

Back 101

pertaining to the ilium and the sacrum

Front 102

intercostal

Back 102

pertaining to between the ribs.

Front 103

ischial

Back 103

pertaining to the ischium, hip.

Front 104

ischialgia

Back 104

pain in the ischium, hip.

Front 105

kyphosis

Back 105

humpback

Front 106

laminectomy

Back 106

surgical excision of a vertebral posterior arch.

Front 107

ligament

Back 107

a band of fibrous connective tissue that connects bones, cartilages, and other structures; also serves as a place for the attachment of fascia or muscle.

Front 108

lordosis

Back 108

abnormal anterior curvature of the spine

Front 109

lumbar

Back 109

pertaining to the loins.

Front 110

lumbodynia

Back 110

pain in the loins

Front 111

mandibular

Back 111

pertaining to the lower jaw.

Front 112

maxillary

Back 112

pertaining to the upper jaw.

Front 113

meniscus

Back 113

crescent-shaped interarticular fibrocartilage found in certain joints, especially the lateral and medial menisci (semilunar cartilages) of the knee joint.

Front 114

metacarpal

Back 114

pertaining to the bones of the hand

Front 115

metacapectomy

Back 115

surgical excision of one or more bones of the hand.

Front 116

myelitis

Back 116

inflammation of the bone marrow.

Front 117

myeloma

Back 117

a tumor of the bone marrow

Front 118

myelopoiesis

Back 118

the formation of bone marrow

Front 119

olecranal

Back 119

pertaining to the elbow

Front 120

osteoarthritis

Back 120

inflammation of the bone and joint.

Front 121

osteoblast

Back 121

a bone-forming cell.

Front 122

osteocarcinoma

Back 122

a cancerous tumor of a bone; new growth of epithelial tissue.

Front 123

osteochondritis

Back 123

inflammation of the bone and cartilage.

Front 124

osteogenesis

Back 124

the formation of bone

Front 125

osteomalacia

Back 125

softening of the bones

Front 126

osteomyelitis

Back 126

inflammation of the bone marrow.

Front 127

osteopenia

Back 127

lack of bone tissue.

Front 128

osteoporosis

Back 128

a condition that results in reduction of bone mass.

Front 129

osteosarcoma

Back 129

a malignant tumor of the bone; cancer arising from connective tissue.

Front 130

osteotome

Back 130

an instrument used for cutting bone.

Front 131

patellar

Back 131

pertaining to the patella

Front 132

pedal

Back 132

pertaining to the foot.

Front 133

periosteoedema

Back 133

swelling around a bone.

Front 134

phalngeal

Back 134

pertaining to the bones of the fingers and toes

Front 135

phosphorus

Back 135

a mineral that is essential in bone formation, muscle contraction, and many other functions.

Front 136

polyarthritis

Back 136

inflammation of more than one joint.

Front 137

rachigraph

Back 137

an instrument used to measure the curvature of the spine.

Front 138

radial

Back 138

pertaining to the radius

Front 139

radiograph

Back 139

an x-ray photograph of a body part

Front 140

reduction

Back 140

the manipulative or surgical procedure used to correct a fracture or hernia

Front 141

rheumatoid arthritis

Back 141

a chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling deformities.

Front 142

rickets

Back 142

a deficiency condition in children primarily caused by a lack of vitamin D; may also result from inadequate intake or excessive loss of calcium.

Front 143

scapular

Back 143

pertaining to the shoulder blade

Front 144

scoliosis

Back 144

a condition of lateral curvature of the spine.

Front 145

spinal

Back 145

pertaining to the spine.

Front 146

splint

Back 146

an appliance used for fixation, support, and rest of an injured body part.

Front 147

spondylitis

Back 147

inflammation of one or more vertebrae

Front 148

sprain

Back 148

twisting of a joint that causes pain and disability.

Front 149

spur

Back 149

a sharp or pointed projection, as on a bone.

Front 150

sternal

Back 150

pertaining to the sternum.

Front 151

sternotomy

Back 151

surgical incision of the sternum

Front 152

subclavicular

Back 152

pertaining to beneath the clavicle

Front 153

subcostal

Back 153

pertaining to beneath the ribs

Front 154

submaxilla

Back 154

the lower jaw or mandible

Front 155

symphysis

Back 155

a growing together

Front 156

tennis elbow

Back 156

a chronic condition characterized by pain caused by excessive pronation and supination activities of the forearm; usually caused by strain, as in plaing tennis.

Front 157

tenonitis

Back 157

inflammation of a tendon

Front 158

tibial

Back 158

pertaining to the tibia

Front 159

traction

Back 159

the process of drawing or pulling on bones or muscles to relieve displacement and facilitate healing.

Front 160

ulnar

Back 160

pertaining to the elbow.

Front 161

ulnocarpal

Back 161

pertaining to the ulna side of the wrist.

Front 162

vertebral

Back 162

pertaining to a vertebra

Front 163

vertebrosternal

Back 163

pertaining to a vertebra and the sternum.

Front 164

xiphoid

Back 164

resembling a sword.

Front 165

closed or simple fracture

Back 165

fractures that do not involve a break in the skin; they are completely internal.

Front 166

open or compound fracture

Back 166

fractures are more dangerous because the fracture projects through the skin and there is a possibility of infection or hemorrhage.

Front 167

comminuted fracture

Back 167

shatter the affected part into a multitude of bony fragments.

Front 168

transverse fracture

Back 168

break the shaft of a bone across its longitudinal axis

Front 169

greenstick fracture

Back 169

usually occur in children whose long bones have not fully ossified; only one side of the shaft is broken and the other is bent.

Front 170

spiral fracture

Back 170

spread along the length of a bone and are produced by twisting stresses.

Front 171

Colles' fracture

Back 171

is often the result of reaching out to cushion a fall; there is a break in the distal portion of the radius

Front 172

Pott's fracture

Back 172

occurs at the ankle and affects both bones of the lower leg (fibula and tibia).

Front 173

compression fracture

Back 173

occur in vertebrae subjected to extreme stresses, as when one falls and lands on his/her bottom.

Front 174

epiphyseal fracture

Back 174

usually occur where the matrix is undergoing calcification and chondrocytes (cartilage cells) are dying; this type of fracture is seen in children.

Front 175

risk factors for osteoporosis

Back 175

family history of osteoporosis, lack of exercise - especially weight-bearing exercise - which stimulates bone growth, thin - petite build, never been pregnant, early menopause (before 45), prone to fractures and loss of height in the past few years, avoided dairy products as a child, smoking, drinking alcoholic beverages, diet high in salt, caffeine, or fat, insufficient intake of vitamin D.

Front 176

anti-inflammatory agents

Back 176

relieve the swelling, tenderness, redness, and pain of inflammation. these agents may be classified as steroidal (corticosteroids) and nonsteroidal.

Front 177

corticosteroids

Back 177

steroid substance with potent anti-inflammatory effects.

Front 178

nonsteroidal (NSAIDS)

Back 178

agents that are used in the treatment of arthritis and related disorders.

Front 179

disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)

Back 179

may influence the course of the disease progression; therefore, their introduction in early rheumatoid arthritis is recommended to limit irreversible joint damage.

Front 180

COX-2 inhibitors

Back 180

cyclooxygenase (COX) is an enzyme involved in many aspects of normal cellular function and also in the inflammatory response. COX-2 is found in joints and other areas affected by inflammation, such as occurs with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. inhibition of COX-2 reduces the production of compounds associated with inflammation and pain.

Front 181

antitumor necrosis factor (Anti-TNF) drugs

Back 181

these drugs have evolved out fo the biotechnology industry and seem to slow, if not halt altogether, the destruction of the joints by disrupting the activity of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a substance involved in the body's immune response

Front 182

agents used to treat gout

Back 182

acute attacks of gout are treated with colchicine. once the acute attack of gout has been controlled, drug therapy to control hyperuricemia can be initiated.

Front 183

agents used to prevent or treat postmenopausal

osteoporosis

Back 183

include: fosamax and actonel. fosamax reduces the activity of the cells that cause bone loss and increases the amount of bone in most patients. actonel inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and modulates bone metabolism. to receive the clinical benefits of either of these drugs the patient must be informed and follow the prescribed drug regimen.

Front 184

analgesics

Back 184

agents that relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness. they are classified as narcotic or non-narcotic.

Front 185

arthrography

Back 185

a diagnostic examination of a joint (usually the knee) in which air and then a radiopaque contrast medium are injected into the joint space, x-rays are taken, and internal injuries of the meniscus, cartilage, and ligaments may be seen, if present.

Front 186

arthroscopy

Back 186

the process of examining internal structures of a joint via an arthroscope; usually done after an arthrography and before joint surgery.

Front 187

goniometry

Back 187

the measurement of joint movements and angles via a goniometer.

Front 188

photon absorptiometry

Back 188

a bone scan that uses a low beam of radiation to measure bone-mineral density and bone loss in the lumbar vertebrae; useful in monitoring osteoporosis.

Front 189

thermography

Back 189

the process of recording heat patterns of the body's surface; can be used to investigate the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis.

Front 190

x-ray

Back 190

the examination of bones by use of an electromagnetic wave of high energy produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a target in a vacuum tube; used to identify fractures and pathologic conditions of the bones and joints such as rheumatoid arthritis, spondylitis, and tumors.

Front 191

alkaline phosphatase blood test

Back 191

a blood test to determine the level of alkaline phosphatase; increased in osteoblastic bone tumors, rickets, osteomalacia, and during fracture healing.

Front 192

antinuclear antibodies (ANA)

Back 192

present in a variety of immunologic diseases; positive result may indicate rheumatoid arthritis.

Front 193

calcium (Ca) blood test

Back 193

the calcium level of the blood may be increased in metastatic bone cancer, acute osteoporosis, prolonged immobilization, and during fracture healing; may be decreased in osteomalacia and rickets.

Front 194

C-Reactive protein blood test

Back 194

positive result may indicate rheumatoid arthritis, acute inflammatory change, and widespread metastasis.

Front 195

phosphorus (P) blood test

Back 195

phosphorus level of the blood may be increased in osteoporosis and fracture healing.

Front 196

serum rheumatoid factor (RF)

Back 196

an immunoglobulin present in the serum of 50-95% of adults with rheumatoid arthritis.

Front 197

uric acid blood test

Back 197

uric acid is increased in gout, arthritis, multiple myeloma, and rheumatism.

Front 198

ACL

Back 198

anterior cruciate ligament

Front 199

AP

Back 199

anteroposterior

Front 200

BMD

Back 200

bone mineral density (test)

Front 201

CDH

Back 201

congenital dislocation of hip.

Front 202

C 1

Back 202

cervical vertebra, first

Front 203

C 2

Back 203

cervical vertebra, second

Front 204

C 3

Back 204

cervical vertebra, third

Front 205

Ca

Back 205

calcium

Front 206

DJD

Back 206

degenerative joint disease

Front 207

Fx

Back 207

fracture

Front 208

JRA

Back 208

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

Front 209

jt

Back 209

joint

Front 210

KJ

Back 210

knee jerk

Front 211

L 1

Back 211

lumbar vertebra, first

Front 212

L 2

Back 212

lumbar vertebra, second

Front 213

L 3

Back 213

lumbar vertebra, third

Front 214

LAC

Back 214

long arm cast

Front 215

lig

Back 215

ligament

Front 216

LLC

Back 216

long leg cast

Front 217

LLCC

Back 217

long leg cylinder cast

Front 218

OA

Back 218

osteoarthritis

Front 219

ORTHO

Back 219

orthopedics, orthopaedics

Front 220

PCL

Back 220

posterior cruciate ligament

Front 221

PEMFs

Back 221

pulsing electromagnetic fields

Front 222

PWB

Back 222

partial weight bearing

Front 223

RA

Back 223

rheumatoid arthritis

Front 224

SAC

Back 224

short arm cast

Front 225

SLC

Back 225

short leg cast

Front 226

SPECT

Back 226

single photon emission computed tomography

Front 227

T 1

Back 227

thoracic vertebra, first

Front 228

T 2

Back 228

thoracic vertebra, second

Front 229

T 3

Back 229

thoracic vertebra, third

Front 230

TMJ

Back 230

temporomandibular joint

Front 231

Tx

Back 231

traction

Front 232

acetabul (root)

Back 232

vinegar cup

Front 233

chondro

Back 233

cartilage

Front 234

acr

Back 234

extremity, point

Front 235

arthr

Back 235

joint

Front 236

ankyl

Back 236

stiffening, crooked

Front 237

burs

Back 237

a pouch

Front 238

carp

Back 238

wrist

Front 239

cartil

Back 239

gristle

Front 240

cost

Back 240

rib

Front 241

clavicul

Back 241

little key

Front 242

coccyg

Back 242

tailbone

Front 243

coll/a

Back 243

glue

Front 244

connect

Back 244

to bind together

Front 245

stern

Back 245

sternum

Front 246

femor

Back 246

femur

Front 247

locate

Back 247

to place

Front 248

dactyl

Back 248

finger or toe

Front 249

crani/o

Back 249

skull

Front 250

fixat

Back 250

fastened

Front 251

humer

Back 251

humerous

Front 252

hydr

Back 252

water

Front 253

ili/o

Back 253

illium

Front 254

inter

Back 254

between

Front 255

sacr

Back 255

sacrum

Front 256

isch/i

Back 256

ischium, hip

Front 257

kyph

Back 257

a hump

Front 258

lamin

Back 258

lamina (thin plate)

Front 259

lord

Back 259

bending

Front 260

lumb

Back 260

loin

Front 261

mandibul

Back 261

lower jawbone

Front 262

maxill

Back 262

jawbone

Front 263

menisc

Back 263

crescent

Front 264

myel

Back 264

marrow

Front 265

olecran

Back 265

elbow

Front 266

carcin

Back 266

cancer

Front 267

-malacia

Back 267

softening

Front 268

por

Back 268

a passage

Front 269

patell

Back 269

knee cap

Front 270

ped

Back 270

foot

Front 271

phalang/e

Back 271

closely knit row

Front 272

phos

Back 272

light

Front 273

phor

Back 273

carrying

Front 274

rach/i

Back 274

spine

Front 275

duct

Back 275

to lead

Front 276

rheumat

Back 276

discharge

Front 277

scapul

Back 277

shoulder blade

Front 278

scoli

Back 278

curvature

Front 279

spin

Back 279

spine

Front 280

spondyl

Back 280

vertebra

Front 281

tenon

Back 281

tendon

Front 282

tibi

Back 282

tibia

Front 283

uln

Back 283

elbow

Front 284

xiph

Back 284

sword