Respiratory System Part 1 (Lecture)

Front 1

What's the major function of the respiratory system ?

Back 1

Gas exchange

(To get O2 in and CO2 out)

Front 2

In terms of homeostasis the _____________ __________ is the major player in regulating pH.

Back 2

Respiratory System

Front 3

The pH of body fluids is an indirect major of:

Back 3

CO2 content

Front 4

What are the byproducts of movement of air in and out of the respiratory system?

Back 4

Olfaction and Phonation

Front 5

We have the ability to smell due to:

Back 5

Olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity that are exposed to odor molecules (due to the respiratoty movement of air. )

Front 6

How can we form sounds?

Back 6

By passing the air across the vocal ligaments in the larynx.

Front 7

The more we (ventilate) bring air in and out, the more we have to worry about:

Back 7

Evaporating water out of the body and loss of heat because of evaporative cooling.

Front 8

The nasal cavity connects to the:

Back 8

Nasopharynx

Front 9

The oral cavity connects to the:

Back 9

Oropharynx

Front 10

The respiratory system shares a common area with the ____________.

Back 10

Digestive system

Front 11

Why can we breathe through your mouth?

Back 11

Because our respiratory system and digestive system share the oropharynx.

Front 12

When we swallow our food what do we use to close off the respiratory tract?

Back 12

Epiglottis

Front 13

When swallowing food what do we use to close the nasopharynx?

Back 13

Soft palate

Front 14

Why do we close the epiglottis and the soft palate?

Back 14

To force everything to go out of the oral cavity into the esophagus.

Front 15

What happens if we happen to vomit unconsciously ?

Back 15

The soft palate and the epiglottis don't close allowing vomit to enter the respiratory tract which could be life threatening.

Front 16

What comes after the larynx?

Back 16

Trachea

Front 17

What holds the trachea open?

Back 17

Cartilaginous rings

Front 18

The trachea divides into:

Back 18

right primary bronchus and left primary bronchus

Front 19

Does the right and left primary bronchi contain cartilaginous rings?

Back 19

No , but it still has cartilage to hold it open.

Front 20

What comes after the left and right primary bronchus? How many on each lung?

Back 20

The secondary bronchus( lobar bronchi)

Two on the left lung

Three on the right lung

Front 21

What comes after the lobar bronchi? How many do we have on each lung ?

Back 21

Tertiary bronchus (segmental bronchi)

10 on the right side

8 on the left side

Front 22

Embryologically how many lobes do we have on each lung?

Back 22

3 on each side

Front 23

Embryologically how many segmental bronchi do we have on each lung ?

Back 23

10 on each lung

Front 24

What is the purpose of a primary, secondary, tertiary bronchus and bronchioles?

Back 24

It's all just Plumbing. it's allowing air to move freely all of the time.

Front 25

What comes after segmental bronchi?

Back 25

Bronchioles

Front 26

Do bronchioles contain cartilage?

Back 26

No, it contains a smooth muscle.

Front 27

When we talk about the autonomic nervous system regulating the airway; what we're really talking about is constriction and dilation of the ___________.

Back 27

Bronchioles

Front 28

Where does the gas exchange occurs in the respiratory system?

Back 28

Alveoli

Front 29

_________&________ follow the same branching pattern as the respiratory tree.

Back 29

Pulmonary veins and pulmonary arteries

Front 30

Our right and left pulmonary arteries divide into:

Back 30

Lobar arteries

Front 31

The bronchioles lead into the ____

Back 31

Alveoli

Front 32

The lobar arteries divide into _________ ________

Back 32

Segmental arteries

Front 33

We drain out of the _____ _____ which drain into the ____ ____ which drain into the pulmonary veins.

Back 33

Segmental veins//Lobar veins

Front 34

Define Bronchopulmonary Segment

Back 34

A portion(segment) of the lungs that is supplied by a specific tertiary bronchus and artery

and also drained by a pulmonary vein.

Front 35

Every bronchopulmonary segments of lung is enclosed with a ______________________. This means that it is separated from the rest of the lung.

Back 35

Connective tissue fascia

Front 36

If we happen to damage a lung, surgically instead of removing the entire the lung and losing 50% of your respiratory capacity you can remove a_____________ and only lose 5% of it.

Back 36

Bronchopulmonary segments

Front 37

Lungs develop into a sealed _______ _______ .

Back 37

Pleural cavity

Front 38

After the lung develops, the membrane that surrounds it is called?

Back 38

Pleura

Front 39

The layer of pleura that is out against the body wall it's called:

Back 39

Parietal pleura

Front 40

the layer of the pleura that is fuse to the surface of the lung it's called:

Back 40

Visceral pleura

Front 41

The parietal and visceral pleura are __________________ which provides a layer of lubrication around the lungs making it much easier to move the lungs.

Back 41

Serous membrane

Front 42

At sea level the atmospheric pressure is around :

Back 42

760 mmHg

Front 43

Between breaths our alveoli are going to have a pressure of ______mmHg

Back 43

760 mmHg

Front 44

Which nerve it's required for the diaphragm to contract ?

Back 44

The phrenic nerve (C3, C4,C5)

Front 45

What kind of muscle does the diaphragm contain?

Back 45

Skeletal muscle

Front 46

When the diaphragm contracts it _______________.

Back 46

Flattens out

Front 47

When the diaphragm is relaxed its

Back 47

(Dome) arch shape

Front 48

When the diaphragm contracts it tends to expand the ______________ which will expend the lung itself.

Back 48

Pleural cavity

Front 49

When increasing the volume of the lung(alveoli) we end up [dropping/increasing] the pressure in the alveoli.

Back 49

Dropping

Front 50

When we drop the pressure in the alveoli what's going to happen?

Back 50

Air moves into the lung.

Front 51

Air moving into the lung is the process of:

Back 51

Inspiration

Front 52

When the diaphragm relaxes we decrease the volume of the _______, the ______ and also the volume in the ______.

Back 52

Thoracic cavity, pleural cavity, alveoli

Front 53

When we decrease the volume of the lung we increase the _____ in the alveoli

Back 53

Pressure

Front 54

When the pressure inside the lung is higher than the outside air what's going to happen?

Back 54

Air moves out of the lung

Front 55

When air moves out of the lung, that's the process of:

Back 55

Expiration

Front 56

The process of moving air in and out of the lung:

Back 56

Ventilation

Front 57

What is the pressure of the pleural cavity compared to the alveoli?

Back 57

The pressure of the pleural cavity is lower than the pressure in the alveoli.

(Around 754)

Front 58

What happens to the pleural cavity as we contract the diaphragm?

Back 58

As we inspirate the pressure in the pleural cavity decreases

that pressure comes back up as we decrease the volume of space.

Front 59

What holds the lung open?

Back 59

The decreased pressure around the lung

Front 60

What would happen if we stab the lung penetrating the thoracic and pleural cavity?

Back 60

The lung will collapse immediately.

Giving us a sucking chest wound.

Front 61

Pulling upwards on the ribs, increasing the diameter of the thoracic cavity allowing MORE air to enter the lungs gives us :

Back 61

Forced inspiration

Front 62

How can we move MORE air out of the lungs?

Back 62

Making the hydrostatic pressure in the alveoli even higher.

Front 63

How can we make the hydrostatic pressure in the alveoli higher?

Back 63

Making the volume of space in the thoracic cavity even smaller.

Front 64

How can we make the volume of space in the thoracic cavity even smaller?

Back 64

By increasing the hydrostatic pressure in the abdominal cavity.

Front 65

How can we increase the hydrostatic pressure in the abdominal cavity?

Back 65

By decreasing the size of the abdominal cavity

Front 66

How can we decrease the size of the abdominal cavity?

Back 66

By Contracting those abdominal muscles (obliques,transversals)

Front 67

Moving MORE air out of the lungs gives us:

Back 67

Forced Expiration

Front 68

Normal quiet respiration is referred as :

Back 68

Tidal breathing

Front 69

What is Tidal volume?

Back 69

The amount of air moving in and out of lungs just during quiet respiration.

Front 70

When we do forced inspiration. Taking in as much air as we possibly can. (Expanding the thoracic volume EVEN MORE )this is referred to as

Back 70

(IRV)inspiratory Reserve volume

Front 71

When doing forced expiration pushing out as much air as possible this is called

Back 71

(ERV) expiratory Reserve volume

Front 72

During expiratory reserve volume do we get all of the air out of the lungs?

Back 72

No

Front 73

The amount of air left in the lungs even after forced expiration is referred as to :

Back 73

Residual volume (RV)

Front 74

(Equation) inspiratory capacity

Back 74

TV +IRV

Front 75

(Equation) functional residual capacity

Back 75

ERV + RV

Front 76

(Equation) vital capacity

Back 76

TV + IRV + ERV

Front 77

(Equation) total lung capacity

Back 77

TV + IRV + ERV + RV

Front 78

What's the equation for pulmonary ventilation?

Back 78

TV ×Respiratory rate= mls/min

Mls/ breaths/

Breaths Min

Front 79

The most important (capacity) in terms of measuring respiratory function.(easiest one to messure) ?

Back 79

Vital capacity

Front 80

Define alveolar ventilation

Back 80

The amount of air that we are pulling out of the alveoli themselves

Front 81

All of the air space of the trachea 1°bronchus, 2°bronchus, 3° bronchus and bronchioles it's called

Back 81

Anatomic Dead Space

Front 82

How do we get alveolar ventilation? (Equation)

Back 82

(TV - ADS) × Respt Rate=mls/min

Front 83

How many alveoli we have in the lungs ?

Back 83

600 million total

300 million of in each lung

Front 84

If we were to take all of those alveoli and spread them out we will have about

Back 84

800ft2 of membrane

Front 85

The wall of the alveoli is formed by a nice tight simple squamous epithelial layer called

Back 85

Type 1 alveolar cell

Front 86

The type 1 alveolar cells are setting on a _________ ___________ which is also shared with the _______ ____ of the pulmonary capillaries.

Back 86

Basement membrane/ endothelial cells

Front 87

These three structures together (type 1 alveolar cells, basement membrane, and endothelial cells) form the

Back 87

Respiratory membrane

Front 88

Why do we have a layer of water inside alveoli?

Back 88

Because we need to get our gas in solution in water so that it can move through the respiratory membrane into the plasma.

Front 89

Why is it hard to pull the water molecules inside alveoli apart?

Back 89

The Surface tension and hydrogen bondings are too strong.

Front 90

How can we break the hydrogen bonds of the water molecules inside the alveoli?

Back 90

Adding phospholipids in the water

(SURFACTANT)

Front 91

About 5% of the cells in the wall of the alveoli that produce surfactant:

Back 91

Type 2 alveolar cells

Front 92

(Embryologically) When do type 2 alveolar cells start producing surfactant?

Back 92

On the last week or two of gestation

Front 93

What would happen to a baby that is born early (premature) ?

Back 93

The infant lungs cannot expand without surfactant.

(The type 2 alveolar cell are not mature yet, meaning they not producing surfactant .)

Front 94

Why do we have alveolar macrophages?

Back 94

Every time we take a breath we bring in anything that's in the air all the way into the alveoli.

These macrophages are there to phagocytize whatever comes in.

Front 95

What turns your lungs black?

Back 95

Carbon particles that the alveolar macrophages store.

Front 96

A form of carbon which It's associated chemicals tend to be problematic.

Back 96

Coal Dust

Front 97

Sharp particles that are very easily inhaled and stored by the alveolar macrophages which causes scar tissue

Back 97

Asbestos

Front 98

The more scarring that it occurs in the lungs the [Lower/Higher] The compliance.

Back 98

Lower

Front 99

Alot of the function of the lungs have to do with _______________ which is how healthy the elastic tissue of the lungs is and how easy is to pull that lung out and expand it.

Back 99

Compliance

Front 100

In a healthy lung we utilize about __% of the total energy to expand the lung everyday.

Back 100

3%

Front 101

A person with ____________ will utilize 40% of the total energy to expand the lungs. This doesn't leave alot of energy left over to do things like walking and climbing up stairs.

Back 101

Asbestosis

Front 102

Scar tissue is primarily made out of ____________ which can't stretch.

Back 102

Collagen fibers