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43 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Gas exchange- function of respiratory system
Delivery of oxygen to circulatory system for distribution to tissues
Involves
Flow of air into and out of lungs
Diffusion of gases between air and blood (occurs within lung)
Vocalization- function of respiratory system
Involves specialized region of respiratory tract
Olfaction- function of respiratory system
Occurs in specialized area of lining of caudal part of nasal cavity
Temperature control- function of respiratory system
Cooling of blood though evaporation of water in upper respiratory tract
Acid-base regulation- function of respiratory system
Regulation of blood ph
Upper respiratory tract
components
Nose
External nose
Nasal vestibule
Paired nasal cavities
Paranasal sinus
Nasopharynx (with associated auditory tubes)
Proximal trachea (to level of thoracic inlet)
Lower respiratory tract
components
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Nose
Bony case with movable cartilaginous portion rostrally
Cartilages moved by muscles
Size and shape vary between species
External nose
Specialized nasal integument in most species surrounds paired nostrils
Modification of epithelium (hairless, thickened, often pigmented)
Variation between species with external nose
Nasal plate (carnivores)
Nasolabial plate (ox)
Rostral plate (pig, contains rostral bone)
Philtrum-
saggital groove in rostral nasal integument
Nasal vestibule
Narrow passage from nostril to wider nasal cavity
Mucotaneus junction within vestibule, site of opening of lateral nasal gland ducts (and nasolacrimal duct in horse)
In horse nasal vestibule divided into dorsal and ventral parts
Dorsally- nasal diveritculum ( false nostril)
Ventrally true nostril leading to nasal cavity
Nasal cavity
Conducts air from nostrils to nasopharynx
Housed within bony casing, divided in the midline by nasal septum
Floor (had palate) separates nasal cavity from oral cavity
Caudally limited by ethmoid bone
Bony casing extended rosrally by nasal cartilages
Divided into small passages by conchae (turbinate bones)
Communicates with nasopharynx through choana
Nasal cartilages
Form framework of mobile part of nose
name the conchae in the head of the horse
Septal cartilage
(rostral part of nasal septum)
Several paired cartilages in nose form
forming dorsal and lateral walls
nostrils moved by
LEVATOR NASOLABIALIS AND CANINUS (belong to muscles of facial expression, innervated by FACIAL NERVE CNVII)
Nasal conchae
Also called nasal turbinate bones
Delicate scrolls of bone, covered in mucosa, projecting into the nasal cavity from dorsal and lateral walls
Dorsal conchae
single elongated scroll
Ventral conchae
- rostral part of nasal cavity-double scroll in most species, horse-single scroll, dog- complex filling ventral part of nasal cavity
Ethmoidal (ethmoiturbinates) conchae
numerous fine bony scrolls attached to ethmoid llateral and dorsal walls. Support olfactory mucosa
Function of conchae
to increase surface area for heat exchange, filtration and humidification of air by nasal mucosa, and for olfaction
Divide nasal cavity into dorsal, middle, ventral and common nasal meatuses
Choana
Opening through which air passes from nasal cavity into nasopharynx
lateral nasal gland
only in CARNIVORES
large serous gland between mucosa and maxillary bone in lateral wall
duct opens in lateral wall of nasal vestibule
secretion important in wetting external nose
nasolacrimal duct
duct which drains years from eye to rostral part of nasal cavity
proximal openings at medial canthus of eye (where eyelids meet medially)
runs within lateral wall of nasal cavity
distal opening in nasal vestibule
at mucocutaneous junction in horse
Just central to alar fold in dog
paranasal sinuses
diveritucla (outpocketings) of nasal cavity into skull bones
develop after birth and increase in size with age
lined with normal (secretory) nasal epithelium
drainage of secretion though small openings into nasal cavity which can be blocked by mucus debris or mucosal congestion
functions of paranasal sinuses
lighten skull while allowing bony development for muscle attachment
probably thermal and mechanical protection of soft tissues of head
resonance of voice
frontal sinuses
drain into ethmoid region (except in horse)
extend into corneal process (base of horn) in ruminants
maxillary sinuses
communicate with nasal cavity though narrow naso maxillary opening except in dog and cat (wide opening- maxillary recess)
house root of upper cheek teeth
in some species further diveritcula into adjacent bones (e.g. palatine bone)
maxillary sinus in horse
rostral and causal divisions
partly filled by unerupted cheek teeth
frontal sinus in horse
extends into dorsal chonca ( which is closed off from nasal cavity)
drains into caudal maxillary sinus
drainage of all sinuses in horse into nasal cavity
through narrow common nasomaxillary opening
cere
soft, keratinized tissue at base of upper beak in some birds
can be used to sex budgies (blue in male, brown in female
palate
in birds
no soft palate- no nasopharynx
elongated medial choana (closed during swallowing)
infraorbital sinus
in birds
diverticulum enclosed by caudal concha
as in mammals, inflammation can cause problems
nasal gland
in birds
located in lateral wall of nasal cavity
secretes sodium in marine birds (salt gland)