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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pulmonary ventilation |
The physical act of breathing inhalation and exhalation |
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Respiration |
Gas exchange |
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External respiration |
Exchanges between atmosphere and blood |
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Internal respiration |
Exchange between blood and body cells |
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Respiratory functions |
1) gas conditioning- warming, humidifying, and cleaning 2) sound production- larynx crucial for speech and singing 3) Olfaction- smelling nasal epithelium 4) defense- protection against airborne pathogens |
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Bones and cartilage of the nose |
Bones: bridge, root, a d maxillary bones Cartilage: alar cartilage-nostrils and alae. Soft and wiggly Septal cartilage- septum |
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Nares |
Nostrils |
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Vivrissae |
Hairs that line the nasal vestibule |
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Path of air |
Nasal vestibule Nasal cavity Nasal conchae-cause turbulence to give time for cleaning Meatuses-openings that allow air to leave Pharanex |
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Paranasal sinuses |
Paired, holes in facial bones that hold air 1-frontal 2-ethmoidal 3-sphenoidal 4-maxillary They open into the throat |
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Pharynx |
Throat. Only part of the respiratory system that is shared with digestive system.
Nasopharynx-pseudostrafied ciliated columnar epithelium Oropharynx- nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium ( resists abrasion from food) Laryngopharynx- nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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Pharyngotympanic tubes |
Auditory tubes. Opening is in the nasopharynx Help equalize pressure by opening and letting air enter nasopharynx |
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Pharyngeal tonsil |
Adneoids, located in the posterior nasopharynx Lymphatic structure |
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Oropharynx |
Right behind mouth Has two tonsils : palatine tonsils embedded in lateral walls Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue |
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Fauces |
Opening of oral cavity into oropharynx |
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Laryngopharynx |
Starts inferior to hyoid bone and extends to top of esophagus |
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Larynx functions |
Passage way for air Voice box Keeps food from respiratory tract Helps increase pressure in abdominal cavity Sneeze and cough reflex |
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9 Cartilages of larynx |
1) thyroid cartilage-largest contains Adams apple 2) cricoid cartilage- inferior to thyroid, but contains epiglottis 3-4) arytenoid cartilages (2) 5-6) corniculate cartilages (2) 7-8) cuneiform cartilages (2) Last 6 ability to produce sound |
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Laryngeal prominence |
Adams apple. A v shaped anterior projection of thyroid cartilage |
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Epiglottis |
Spoon shapes cartilage projecting upward into pharynx Swallowing causes epiglottis to close opening of larynx |
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Glottis |
Made of: vocal folds(made of vocal ligaments covered by a mucous membrane) plus opening between folds (rima glottidis) |
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How is sound produced |
Air is forced through the rima glottidis causing vocal cords to vibrate Range is genetic, determined by length and thickness of vocal folds (men long and thick) Pitch is determined by tension on vocal folds (more stretch higher pitch) Loudness is force of air passing across vocal folds |
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Trachea |
Windpipe. Lined with pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells |
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Carina |
Inferior portion of trachea that splits into right and left primary bronchi |
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Aveolar type 1 cells |
Simple squamous epithelial cells that promote rapid gas exchange |
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Aveolar type 2 cells |
Almost cuboidal and produce pulmonary surfactant which decreases surface tension within alveolus and prevents collapse |
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Alveolar macrophages |
Dust cells. May be fixed or free and engulf microorganisms and particulates in alveolus |
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Respiratory membrane |
The thin wall between alveolar lumen and the blood across which gasses diffuse Made of: Plasma membrane of type 1 alveolar cell Plasma membrane of capillary cell Fused basement membrane of both cells |
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Hilum |
Concave region between lungs where the root of the lungs enters |
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Root of the lungs |
Bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves |
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Differences between left and right lungs |
Left lung is smaller to accommodate heart, it has a cardiac notch and a cardiac impression. It has an oblique fissure that divides the lung into two lungs Right lung is larger, has an oblique and horizontal fissure that divides it into superior, middle, and inferior lobes |
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Bronchopulmonary segments |
10 and 8-10 in each lung |
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Bronchial circulation |
Blood that feeds the lungs |
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Steps of respiration (4) |
1)Pulmonary ventilation- physical act of breathing 2) aveolar gas exchange-external respiration 3) gas transport- through blood to body 4) systematic gas exchange- internal respiration |
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What are the types of pressures in the thoracic cavity? |
Atmospheric pressure- pressure of gasses outside of body (Patm Pressure of the atmosphere)
Intrapulmonary pressure- pressure in avoli
Intraplural pressure-pressure in plural cavity. (Always negative compared to Ppul)
Transpulmonary pressure- keeps lungs from collapsing (Ppul-Pip) |
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Boyle's gas law |
There is an inverse relationship between pressure and volume So, when we inhale, the thoracic cavity increases in volume, which lowers the intrapulmonary pressure, sucking air into the lungs. During exhalation, the opposite occurs |
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Types of pulmonary ventilation and muscles used for each |
Quiet breathing- diaphragm and external intercostals (pull ribs up and out) |
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Spirometer |
Measures respiratory volume |
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4 volumes measured by spirometer |
Tidal volume- amt of air inhaled or exhaled per breath during quiet breathing Inspiratory reserve volume IRV- amt of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond tidal volume (compliance) Expiratory reserve volume- amt of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond tidal volume (elasticity) Residual volume- amt of air left in lungs after the most forceful expiration |
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Lung capacities |
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Anatomical dead space |
Air that remains in pipes, and doesn't reach aveoli |
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Aveolar dead space |
If some aveoli do not participate in gas exchange |
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Total dead space |
Anatomical + aveolar dead space |
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Obstructive pulmonary disease |
Increases airway resistance. Makes it hard to breath out |
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Restrictive disease |
Reduced tlc due to diseases or environmental exposure. Makes it harder to breath in |
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Forced vital capacity fvc |
Total volume of forced exhalation Impaired by pulmonary obstructive disorders |
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Forced expiratory volume fev |
Percent of vital capacity that can be expelled in a set time
Fev1= percentage expelled in one second 75-85% of vital capacity in a healthy person Greatly decreased in someone with an obstructive pulmonary disorder |
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Aveolar ventalation |
Best measure of effective ventalation Amount of air reaching the aveoli per minute |
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Effects of breathing rate |
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Dalton's law |
Total pressure exerted by mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by individual gases Pressure of each gas=partial pressure= %of gas in mix |
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Henry's law |
When gas is in contact with liquid, the gas will dissolve in liquid in proportion to it's partial pressure |
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Partial pressure gradients |
Gradients exist when partial pressure for a gas is higher in one region of the respiratory system than another. Gas moves from region of higher partial pressure to region of lower partial pressure |
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Bloods ability to transport oxygen depends on: |
Solubility coefficient of oxygen which is very low. Very very little oxygen disolves in the plasma Presence of hemoglobin. Fe of hemoglobin attaches to O2 98% of O2 in blood is bound to hemoglobin HbO2 is oxyhemoglobin (with oxygen) HHb is deoxyhemoglobin (without oxygen) |
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How does hemoglobin transport O2 and CO2 |
O2 attaches to iron CO2 attaches to the amine group of globin H+ attaches to the globin There are 4 places for attachment Binding of one substance causes conformational change (change shape) in hemoglobin molecule. Which means once an oxygen molecule binds to the hemoglobin, the other three binding sites are more likely to bind oxygen |
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What are the three ways CO2 can be transported? |
1) as CO2 disolves in plasma (7-10%) 2) as CO2 attached to globin portion of hemoglobin (20%) HbCO2 is carbamino hemoglobin 3) as bicarbonate HCO3 dissolves in plasma (70%) CO2 diffuses into erythrocytes and combines with water >HCO3- + H+ HCO3- diffuses into plasma CO2 is regenerated when blood moves through pulmonary capillaries and the process is reversed |
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Haldane effect |
The lower the oxygen the lower the hemoglobin saturation, the greater the affinity will be for co2 |
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Ventalation-profusion |
Ventilation-how much gas is reaching the alveoli Profusion- blood flow through the capillaries Mismatches Happen exercise, etc. More blood flow than ventilation= higher CO2. And lower O2 pressure In the avoli, O2 can regulate the diameter of the arterioles. So it can cause them to decrease the diameter so it will match gas Opposite happens if ventalation is greater than blood flow |
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How does the brain know to control respiration? |
Chemoreceptors 1) central chemoreceptors- in medulla change in blood pco2 alters pH of csf
2) peripheral chemoreceptors-. In aortic and carotid bodies Sensitive to changes in blood gases Sensitive to changes in blood pH separate from PCO2 Also Irritant receptors-:in air passages. Stimulated by particulate matter (cough reflex) Baroreceptors- in pleurae and bronchioles, respond to stretch Proprioceptors- of muscles and joints, are stimulated by body movements |
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More CO2 makes blood_____ |
More acidic |
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Medullary respiratory center |
helps control respiration
Contains two groups: Ventral respiratory group- vrg- in anterior medulla. Contains rhythm generators. Controls muscles of diaphragm and intercostal muscles Dorsal respiratory group- drg- in posterior medulla. Chemoreceptors send sensory info to drg. It then sends the info to the vrg. So if you have high blood H+ or CO2, the drg. Tells the vrg to fire more often and with more depth. |
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Pontine respiratory center |
Located in pons also known as pneumotaxic center. Helps control respiration |
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Higher brain centers that influence respiration |
Hypothalamus- increases breathing rate If body is warm Limbic system- alters breathing rate in response to emotions Frontal lobe of cerebral cortex- controls voluntary changes in breathing patterns |
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Types of hypoxia |
Anemic hypoxia- too few rbcs or abnormal or too little hb Ischemic hypoxia- impaired or blocked blood circulation Histotoxic hypoxia- cells are unable to use O2, as in metabolic posions ( cyanide) Hypoxemic hypoxia- abnormal ventalation (pulmonary disease, low air oxygen) Carbon monoxide poisoning- especially from fire (hb has 200x greater affinity for CO than O2. Victims have headaches and become flushed) carbon monoxide binds to the iron core in the same place that oxygen usually binds |
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Types of lung cancer |
Adneocarcinoma- (40%) peripheral portion of lungs originate in bronchial glands and alveoli cella Squamous cell - (20%) originates in epithelium that lines bronchi. Form masses then bleeding cavities Small cell (15%). Originate in larger bronchi, cause clusters of tissue that release hormones Large cell- one of the more rare types that falls into the 25% of lung cancers that are not the three main types. |
