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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Upper respiratory system |
Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx |
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Lower respiratory systen |
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
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Conduction portion |
•Filters, warms, moisten and delivers air to lungs •No gas exchange occurs here •Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles |
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Respiratory portion |
•Gas exchange occurs here •Respiratory bronchioles, alveoli |
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Function of nasal conchae |
•Warms air •Moistens air from mucus •Filters inhaled air from nose hairs (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium •mucus traps particles, cilia moves mucus up the pharynx to swallow for destruction in stomach |
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Pharynx 3 types |
Nasopharnx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx |
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Nasopharynx |
•Respiratory only •Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium •Contains adenoid tonsil and openings of eustachian tubes |
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Oropharynx |
•Respiratory and digestive •Lines with stratified squamous •epithelium Contains Palatine and lingual tonsil |
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Laryngopharnx |
•Respiratory and digestive •Lined with stratified squamous epithelium |
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Larynx |
•Cartilaginous tube connecting laryngopharnx to trachea •Glottis is the superior opening of larynx |
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Vesitibular folds |
Superior to vocal cords; protect the glottis and close it during breath holding or lifting heavy objects |
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Vocal folds (vocal cords) |
•Voice loudness depends on the pressure/velocity of the air rushing past the vocal folds •pitch of sound is controlled by tension, length, and diameter of the folds Male vocal folds thicken due to influence of testosterone, produce a lower pitch sound Quality of sound Is changed by pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, muscles of face, lips, and tongue |
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Trachea 4 layers (inner to outer) |
Mucosa (PCCE) with goblet cells from ciliary escalator Submucosa (areolar CT with mucous glands) Hyaline cartilage (trachealis muscle faces esophagus posteriorly) Adventitia (Areolar CT) |
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Bronchial tree |
•Primary bronchi>secondary bronchi>tertiary bronchi>bronchioles>terminal bronchioles •Right side is shorter and wider (more likely for object to lodge) •Bronchi are supported by hyaline cartilage, while bronchioles have smooth muscle •PCCE in bronchi > simple columnar in large bronchioles > simple cuboidal in terminal bronchioles •Bronchi are supported by hyaline cartilage, while bronchioles have smooth muscle •PCCE in bronchi > simple columnar in large bronchioles > simple cuboidal in terminal bronchioles |
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Pathway of airflow during inhalation |
Primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli sacs, alveoli |
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Pleural fluid fill pleural cavity |
•Reduces friction when breathing • cause layers to adhere to one another •left lung has 2 lobes •Right has 3 lobes •Each lung has 10 bronchopulomunary segments |
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Alveoli cell Type 1 |
Type 1 - simple squamous epithelium, makes up most of alveolar wall and form half of the respiratory membrane (actual site of gas exchange with blood on one side and air on the other |
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Type II pneumocyte |
Type 2 - simple cuboidal, produces surfactant, decreases surface tension along the inner walls of the alveoli |
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Alveolar type 3 |
Alveolar macrophage- phagocytize debris and particular matter |
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Respiratory membrane |
Alveolar wall (simple squamous) Endothelial cells of capillary wall 1.simple squamous 2. Source of ACE |
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External respiration |
Gas exchange between pulmonary capillaries and air in alveoli across the respiratory membrane |
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Internal respiration |
Gas exchange between the tissue capillaries and interstitial fluid of tissues |
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Ling compliance |
How easy it is expand and contract the lungs |
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High compliance |
Lungs and thoracic cage are easily expanded |
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Low compliance |
Lungs and thoracic cage are not easily expanded |
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Lung compliance high due to - |
Presence of elastic fibers around the alveoli Presence of surfactant on the inner walls of the alveoli |
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Decreased compliance |
Scar tissue Fluid in lung tissue Decreased surfactant Decrease rib cage motility |
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Increased compliance cause by |
Emphysema |
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Airway resistance (decrease resistance) |
Sympathetic controlled bronchodilation |
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Increased resistance |
Asthma Bronchitis COPD Chronic bronchitis and emphysema |
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Resting tidal Volume |
500 ML |
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Minute respiratory volume |
Tidal volume (500ml) x BPM (12BPM) = 6L/min |
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Inspiratory reserve volume |
3300 mL |
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expiratory reserve volume |
1000 mL |
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residual volume |
1200 mL |
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Anatomical dead space |
150 mL (30% of resting tidal volume) |
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Alveolar respiration rate |
Respiratory rate x (tidal volume - anatomical dead space) Amount of air actually entering the alveoli every minute |
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Inspiratory capacity |
Tidal volume + Inhalation reserve 500 + 3300 = 3800 |
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Functional residual capacity |
Residual volume + expiratory serve 1200 + 1000= 2200 mL |
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Vital capacity |
Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve 500 + 3300 + 1000 = 4800 mL |
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Force vital capacity |
vital capacity + residial volume 4800 + 1200 = 6000 mL/6L |
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Forced expiratory volume in 1 second |
Volume of air that can be exhaled in the first second of an exhalation of maximal effort following maximum inhalation |
