Research Methods Test 3 Designs.....

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Cooper and Rosenthal's findings when comparing the meta-analysis with the traditional literature review?

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MORE ARE WILLING TO REJECT THE NULL, USING METATO EVALUATE RSEARCH MAY LEAD TO REDUCTION IN TYPE 2 ERRORS.

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What are the different types of sampling in terms of behavior in observational studies?

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TIME-
INDIVIDUAL-ONE SUBJECT, OVER TIME PERIOD REC. BEHAV, THEN MOVE ON TO NEXT SUBJECTS
EVENT-REC. ONE BEHAV,ALL INSTANCES OF THAT BEHAV
Design,frequency,

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Cohen's Kappa is used to

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MORE POPULAR METHOD USED TO ASSESS INTERRATER RELIABILITY
.70> IS BEST
STATISTICAL FORMULA USED TO EVALUATE THE POSSIBILITY THAT AN AMOUNT OF INTERRATER AGREEMENT MAY BE DUE TO CHANCE

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4. A disadvantage of archival research is that

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-GAINING ACCESS(SPECIAL PERMISSION)
-OUTDATED

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5. What does the text list as an advantage of recording behavior (for example, videotaping)? –

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u can revaluate over and over

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Freud's famous study of Little Hans is an example of

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–case studies/case histories

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7. Understand how to engage in an observational nonexperimental study.-

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--watching, just watching not participating

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8. Understand content analysis and how you would conduct one.--

9. Understand metanalyses-

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NON-EXP. RESEARCH TECHNIQUE USED TO ANALYSE WRITTEN/SPOKEN RECORDS, FOR OCURRENCES OF SPECIFIC CATEGORIES OF EVENTS.


--TOOL FOR COMPARING RESULTS ACROSS STUDIES
(STAT-BASED METHOD OF COMPARING OR COMBINING RESULTS FROM DIFF RELATED STUDIES)

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10. Why is percent agreement not always the best choice in terms of interrater reliability?

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-IT ONLY GIVES A RAW ESTIMATE OF INTERRATER AGREEMENT. AND COULD UNDERASTIMATE OR OVER ESTIMATE INTERRATER AGREEMENT.

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11. According to the text, an advantage of recording behavior sequences is that

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IT CAN BE EVALUATED AND REVALUATED BECAUSE IT IS A RECORDING.

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12. The advantage of restricted items over open-ended items is that

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BECAUSE RESTRICTED ITEMS CONTROL THE RANGE OF RESPONSES, THE RESPONSES ARE EASIER TO SUMMARIZE AND ANALYZE

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13. When determining a sample size needed for a valid survey, you must take into account the

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AMOUNT OF ACCEPTABLE ERROR
-EXPECTED MAGNITUDE OF THE POPULATION PROPORTIONS

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14. What significantly increase(s) the rate of return of mail surveys?

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-WHEN PARTICIPANTS ARE GIVEN A LITTLE TOKEN OR GIFT OF SOME SORT.

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15. Using test–retest reliability to assess the reliability of a questionnaire is especially problematic if

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UR MEASURING IDEAS THAT FLUNCTUATE WITH TIME.
-QUESTIONNAIRES ARE LONG AND BORING
-ASKING ABOUT ISSUES THAT INDIVIDUALS ARE LIKELY TO REMEMBER THE ANWSER FROM THE FIRST TESTING.

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16. What is a Likert scale?

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-WIDELY USED IN ATTITUDE MEASUREMENT RESEARCH.
-SERIES OF STATEMENTS, PARTICIPANT INDICATES DEGREES OF AGREEMENT OR DISAGREEMENT
(STRONGLY AGREE TO STRONGLY DISAGREE.

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17. Open ended vs. close ended items.

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OPEN ENDED ITEMS ALLOW RESPONDANT TO REPLY IN OWN WORDS,CLOSE ENDED ITEMS ALLOW ONLY A LIMITED NUMBER OF SPECIFIC RESPONSE ALTERNATIVES.

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18. Interviews (structured vs. semi structured vs. no structure)

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-STRUCTURED U ASK PREPARED QUESTIONS, ( ALL PARTIC. ASKED THE SAME QUESTIONS, ELIMINATING SOM FLUNCTUATIONS IN DATA, BUT INFLEXIBLE)
--IN AN UNSTRUCTURED U HAVE A GENERAL IDEA OF ISSUE TO DISCUSS(GAIN MORE COMPLETE INFO, HOWEVER RESPONSES MAY BE DIFFICULT TO CODE AND ANALYZE)

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19. Split half reliability on a questionnaire

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CAN REDUCE, UNDERESTIMATE RELIABILITY.
--UNCLEAR HOW SPLITTING SHOULD BE DONE
-BEST TO APPLY KUDER FORMULA (KR20)SCORE OF.75=MODERATE RELIABILITY.
FOR LIKERT TESTS USE THE COEFFICIENT ALPHA FORMULA

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20. Understand the different types of sampling

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SIMPLE RANDOM-RANDOMLY SELECTING A CERTAIN NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS FROM THE POP.
STRATIFIED-DIVIDE POPULATION, SELECT RANDOM SAMPLE FROM EACH DIVISION
PROPORTIOATE-ONLY THE PROPORTIONS OR PEOPLE ARE RELECTED IN THE SAMPLE.
CLUSTER-IDENTIFY NATURALLY POCURRING GROUPS/DEPARTMENTS THEN SURVEY RANDOM CLUSTERS.
SYSTEMATIC-SAMPLING EVERY K ELEMENT AFTER A RANDOM START.

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21. Understand the different types of reliability

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TEST-RETEST=ADMINISTER,ALLOW TIME RELAPSE, ADMINISTER SAME OR SIMILAR
SPLIT-HALF=SPLIT QUESTIONNAIRE INTO EQUAL HALF, THEN DERIVING SCORE FROM EACH HALF.

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22. The role of the interviewer in face to face and telephone surveys

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INTERVIEWER TALKS TO THE PARTICIPANT DIRECTLY AND ASK'S A SERIES OF QUESTIONS

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22. Understand wording of survey items.

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-USE SIMPLE WORDS
QUESTIONS SHOULD BE SHORT AND EASY TO UNDERSTAND
AVOID "CHECK ALL THAT APPLY" ITEMS
AVOID VAGUE QUESTIONS
SOFTEN IMPACT OF SENSITIVE QUESTIONS.
PLACE THEM AT THE END,

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23. Including a small token of your appreciation with a mailed questionnaire (for example, a quarter or a pencil) has been found to

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PROUCE BETTER ESULTS AND INCREASE THE NUMBER OF REPONDENTS

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24. Counterbalanced designs are effective in reducing carryover effects in within-subjects designs if

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counterbalancing-assign various treatments in diff. order for diff. subjects.

if the magnitude of the carryover effect is equal for the different orders of treatment.
u distribute carryover effects equally across treatments

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26. Understand the following designs
27. A) within-subjects between-subjects
single subject
matched pairs

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WITHIN-SINGLE GROUP OF SUBJECTS EXPOSED TO all levels of your independant variable.
Between-diff. groups of subjects randomly assigne to the levels of your independant variable
single- similar to within
matched pair-equivslent to randomized 2 group design

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28. Understand the following:
29. A) Error variance –no matter what people are diff. B) Carryover effect—seen within designs, same subject exposed to extraneous variables C) Experimenter bias---exp. Affects outcome by what they say or do.
D) Sensitization effects

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error-stat. variability of scores.cause by influence of variables other than independant.
carryover effect--seen within designs, same subject exposed to extraneous variables.
exp. bais--affects outcome by what they say or do.

sensitization effects--

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30. Within-subjects designs are most useful when

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when ur looking at changes in performance within each participants across treatments

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33. Analysis of your data with inferential statistics

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helps decide whether results may be due to ind. variable or error of variance.

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34. A drawback of making treatment order an independent variable is that

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–research just becomes more comlex.

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35. When treatment order is made an independent variable, you have a _______ design. -

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nested

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35. Understand how to reduce error variance

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increase internal validity(control)-eliminating extraneous variables, and increase the effectiveness of u rind. variable

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42. Interpretation of your results is done in the ________ section.

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results