Research Methods Test Ii

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variable

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event or behavior that can assume two or more values.

ex. temperature is variable it can assume a wide range of values

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Physiological IV

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a physiological state of the participant manipulated by the experimenter.

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Experience IV

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Manipulation of the amount or type of training or learning.

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Stimulus IV

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An aspect of the environment manipulated by the experimenter

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Participant Characteristics

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Aspects of the participant such as age sex or personality traits which are treated as if they were IV's

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Confounding

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A situation in which the results of an experiment can be attributed to either the operation of an IV or an extraneous variable

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Measuring/Recording the DV for CORRECTNESS

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the participant's response is either correct or incorrect

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Measuring/Recording the DV for RATE or FREQUENCY

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Rate:the number of responses measured during a specific time period with specific concern to how rapidly the participant makes them

Frequency:"" without specific concern to how rapidly the participant makes them

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Measuring/Recording the DV for DEGREE OR AMOUNT

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Not recording the number or frequency of participants responses, rather recording a number that indicates degree or amount

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Measuring/Recording the DV for LATENCY OR DURATION

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(studies of learning and memory) how quickly participants make a response (latency) or how long the response lasts (duration)

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Valid

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Characteristic of a good dv-measuring what is supposed to be measured

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Reliable

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Characteristic of a good dv- producing consistent measurements

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Nuisance Variables

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characteristics of the participants or unintended influences of the experimental situation that make the effects of the IV more difficult to determine.

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Randomization

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A control technique that ensures that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group in an experiment

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Elimination

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A control technique whereby extraneous variables are completely removed from an experiment
e.g: only showing an individual's face in a facial expression identification study ELIMINATES the extraneous variables of clothing and weight that could have impacted the participant's response

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Constancy

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A control technique by which an extraneous variable is reduced to a single value that ix experienced by all participants
e.g. The same room, lighting, temperature, time of day, etc.

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Balancing

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A control procedure that achieves group equality by distributing extraneous variables equally to all groups

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Counterbalancing

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a procedure for controlling order effects by presenting different treatment sequences

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Within-Subject Counterbalancing

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Presentation of different treatment sequences to the same participant

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Within-group Counterbalancing

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Presentation of different treatment sequences to different participants.

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Complete Counterbalancing

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All possible treatment sequences are presented

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Incomplete Counterbalancing

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Only a portion of all possible sequences are presented

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Sequence or Order Effects

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The position of a treatment in a series determines, in part, the participants' response

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Carryover Effect

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The effects of one treatment persist or carry over and influence responses to the next treatment

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Differential carryover

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The response to one treatment depends on which treatment was administered previously
e.g: If the second grader receives 3 m&ms then 5 then 1 it could produce a unique effect and is not an effective control procedure

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Precedent

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An established pattern

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Number of Participants Relies on..

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Finances, time, availability

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Power

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the probability that a statistical test will be significant (i.e. the experimental hypothesis is accepted when it is true)

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Rosenthal Effect

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The result when an experimenter's preconceived idea of appropriate responding influences the treatment of participants and their behavior.

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Single-blind Experiment

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The experimenter or participants are unaware of the treatment the participants are receiving

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Demand Characteristics

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Features of the experiment that inadvertently lead participants to respond in a particular manner

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Good Participant Effect

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The tendency of participants to behave as they perceive the experimenter wants then to behave

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Yea-Sayers

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Participants who ten to answer yes to all questions

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Nay-Sayers

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Participants who tend to answer no to all questions

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Response set

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The result when an experimental context or testing situation influences the participants' responses

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Double-Blind Experiment

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Where both the experimenter and the participants are unaware of which treatment the participants are receiving

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Controlling Yea/Nay-Saying

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Rewriting some of the items so that a negative response represents agreement or a positive response represents disagreement

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Controlling Demand Characteristics

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Double Blind Experiment

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Controlling Response Sets

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Pilot testing and reviewing to ensure items do not have a socially desired response

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Cross-Cultural Psychology

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A branch of psychology whose goal is to determine the universality of research results

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Culture

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Lasting values, attitudes, and behaviors that are shared by a group and transmitted to subsequent generations

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Etic

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A finding that is the same in different cultures

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Emic

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A culture-specific finding

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Ethnocentric

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Other cultures are viewed as an extension of one's own culture

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Cultural Response Set

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The tendency of a particular culture to respond in a certain manner

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Internal Validity

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A type of evaluation of your experiment; it asks whether your IV is the only possible explanation of the results shown for your DV

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History

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A threat to internal validity; refers to events that occur between the DV measurements in a repeated-measures design

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Maturation

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A threat to internal validity; refers to changes in participants that occur over time during an experiment; could include actual physical maturation or tiredness, boredom, hunger and so on

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Testing

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A threat to internal validity that occurs because measuring the DV causes a change in the DV

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Practice Effect

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A beneficial effect on a DV measurement caused by previous experience with the DV

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Reactive Measures

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DV measurements that actually change the DV being measured
e.g: if a participant knows that a questionnaire is evaluating their attitude towards a certain subject they can change their attitude any way they want

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Nonreactive Measures

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DV measurements that do not influence the DV being measured

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Instrumentation

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A threat to internal validity that occurs if the equipment or human measuring the DV changes the measuring criterion over time

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Statistical Regression

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A threat to internal validity that occurs when low scorers improve or high scorers fall on a second administration of a test solely as a result of statistical reasons

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Selection

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A threat to internal validity that can occur if participants are chosen in such a way that the groups are not equal before the experiment; the researcher cannot then be certain that the IV caused any difference observed after the experiment

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Mortality

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A threat to internal validity that can occur if experimental participants from different groups drop out of the experiment at different rates

Front 57

Interactions with Selection

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Threats to internal validity that can occur if there are systematic differences between or among selected treatment groups based on maturation, history, or instrumentation

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Diffusion or imitation of treatment

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A threat to internal validity that can occur if participants in one treatment group become familiar with the treatment of another group and copy that treatment

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External Validity

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A type of evaluation of an experiment; Do the experimental results apply to populations and situations that are different from those of the experiment?

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Generalization

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Applying the results from an experiment to a different situation or population

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Population generalization

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Applying the results from an experiment to a group of participants that is different and more encompassing than those used in the original experiment

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Temporal Generalization

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Applying the results from an experiment to a time that is different from the time when the original experiment was conducted

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Interaction of testing and treatment

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a threat to external validity that occurs when a pretest sensitizes participants to the treatment yet to come

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Interaction of selection and treatment

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A threat to external validity that can occur when a treatment effect is found only for a specific sample of participants

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Reactive Arrangements

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A threat to external validity caused by an experimental situation that alters participants' behavior, regardless of the IV involved

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Demand Characteristics

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Features of the experiment that inadvertently lead participants to respond in a particular manner

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Multi-Treatment Interference

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A threat to external validity that occurs when a set of findings results only when participants experience multiple treatments in the same experiment

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Comparative Psychology

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The Study of behavior in different species, including humans

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Convenience Sampling

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A researcher's sampling of participants based on ease of locating the participants often it does not involve true random selection

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Replication

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An additional scientific study that is conducted in exactly the same manner as the original research project

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Replication with Extension

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An experiment that seeks to conform (replicate) a previous finding but does so in a different setting or with different participants or under different conditions