Research Methods Final

Front 1

Elaboration analysis allows what to be added to a crosstabs?

Back 1

A third variable

Front 2

What statistic indicates whether a relationship found in a random sample's crosstabs is a good estimate for the same relationship in the population?

Back 2

Chi Square

Front 3

Which of the following is FALSE about normal curves?

Back 3

There cannot be any cases above or below standard deviations from the mean

Front 4

Estimating the probability that an association between two variables is not due to chance in a crosstabular analysis is based on an inferential statistic called:

Back 4

Chi square

Front 5

All of the following are ways of defining the median of a distribution EXCEPT:

Back 5

The arithmetic average

Front 6

In words, the standard deviation is the:

Back 6

Square root of the average squared deviation of each case from the mean

Front 7

Three features of a distribution's shape are:

Back 7

Central tendency, variability, and skewness

Front 8

The primary source of data in focus groups and intensive interviews is:

Back 8

Transcriptions

Front 9

At least some subjects are aware of the field researcher's identity, except in:

Back 9

Covert Participation

Front 10

A field researcher must be vigilant of reactive effects, in which:

Back 10

Changes in individual or group behavior that are due to being observed

Front 11

Participant observation refers to:

Back 11

A continuum of roles from complete observer to complete participant

Front 12

Field research is a common name for which of the following forms of research:

Back 12

Participant observation

Front 13

The primary means of recording participant observation data is by creating:

Back 13

Field notes

Front 14

Anthropologists call the intention of representing a setting under study in the terms of the researcher:

Back 14

Etic Focus

Front 15

Research questions in qualitative analysis tend to be:

Back 15

Open-ended and exploratory

Front 16

To reflexively analyze text, what must a researcher focus on?

Back 16

How his or her orientation shapes research

Front 17

After identifying concepts in qualitative data, the next step in qualitative analysis is what?

Back 17

Code the results

Front 18

Which of the following affects the authenticity of qualitative research?

Back 18

Whether statements were spontaneous or in response to researcher questions
The credibility of informants

Front 19

The type of qualitative research that studies how people construct their own realities is known as:

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Ethnomethodology

Front 20

Research that uses photographs, films, or other images as text is known as:

Back 20

Visual sociology

Front 21

may influence both independent and dependent variables
creates a spurious association

Back 21

Extraneous Variable

Front 22

adding control or
intervening variables in a bivariate relationship

Back 22

Elaboration Analysis

Front 23

qual method of data gathering.

developing sustained relationship with people while they go about normal activity

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Participant Observation

Front 24

researchers see things as they happen without participating

Back 24

Complete Observation

Front 25

changes in individual or group behavior due to being observed or studied

Back 25

Reactive Effects

Front 26

3 types of Degree of Researcher Involvement

Back 26

Complete Observation, Mixed Participation/Observation, Complete Participation

Front 27

Hypothesis-testing approach

Back 27

Deductive Method

Front 28

Exploratory approach

Back 28

Inductive Method

Front 29

Qualitative Research 5 Ethical Issues

Back 29

Voluntary Participation
Subject Well-being
Identity Disclosure
Confidentiality
Online research

Front 30

Representing a setting with the PARTICIPANTS' TERMS

Back 30

Emic Focus

Front 31

Representing a setting with the RESEARCHER's TERMS

Back 31

Etic Focus

Front 32

Process by which a Qualitative analyst interacts w/data and refines their focus

Back 32

Progressive Focusing

Front 33

Research that describes or ID's the impact of social policies and programs

PURPOSE=to investigate social programs

Back 33

Evaluation Research

Front 34

Resources, raw materials, clients and staff that go into a program

Back 34

Inputs

Front 35

The complete treatment or service delivered by a program

Back 35

Program Process

Front 36

The service delivered or new product produced by the program process (ie. Clients served etc.)

Back 36

Outputs

Front 37

Impact of the program on the cases that have been processed

Back 37

Outcomes

Front 38

Info. about service delivery system outputs, outcomes, or operations.

Back 38

Feedback

Front 39

THEORY
Focus of this research is whether cases have changed as a result of exposure to program

Back 39

Black Box or Program Theory

Front 40

EVALUATION
guided by a theory that specifies process by which program has effect

Back 40

Theory-driven Evaluation

Front 41

PROGRAM THEORY
specifies impacts generated and how this occurs
causal mechanism
empirically based

Back 41

Descriptive Theory

Front 42

PROGRAM THEORY
specifies what program ought to do, not actually tested
how to design or implement treatment.
what should be expected.

Back 42

Prescriptive Theory

Front 43

EVALUATION RESEARCH TYPE
expects researchers to be responsive to the people in program

Back 43

Stakeholder Approach

Front 44

STAKEHOLDER APPROACH TYPE
a task force of program stakeholders who help shape the evaluation project to use its results

Back 44

Utilization-focused Evaluation

Front 45

EVAL.RES.TYPE
program participants engaged with researchers
help design, conduct and report research.

Back 45

Action Research or Participatory Research

Front 46

RES.APPROACH TYPE
eliminates pro researcher in favor of structured dialogue about needed change

Back 46

Appreciative inquiry

Front 47

This approach emphasizes research to develop most trustworthy, unbiased program evaluation

Back 47

Social Science Approaches

Front 48

covers issues of concern to stakeholders and evaluators.
seeks to balance to stakeholders with objectivity and scientific validity.

Back 48

Integrative Approaches

Front 49

'Force you to face reality"
causal
deductive
measure objective facts
statistics
researcher detached

Back 49

Quantitative Approach

Front 50

patterns, themes, holistic features
words, images, categories
construct social reality
authenticity is key
researcher is involved
Inductive

Back 50

Qualitative Approach

Front 51

determines needs of population.
uses systemic, credible evidence to evaluate needs.

Back 51

Needs Assessment

Front 52

determines whether it is feasible to evaluate a program's effects within available time and resources

Back 52

Evaluability Assessment

Front 53

EVAL. RES.
investigates process of delivery.
identifies which part of service has greater impact.
shows incorrect findings.

Back 53

Process Evaluation

Front 54

used to shape and refine program operations.
evaluates program coverage and service delivery.

Back 54

Formative Evaluation

Front 55

compares what happened after a program was active, with what would've happened had there been no program at all.

Back 55

Impact Analysis, Impact Eval. or Summative Eval.

Front 56

Numerical description of a population

Back 56

Statistic

Front 57

statistic used to DESCRIBE the distribution of and relationship among variables

Back 57

Descriptive Statistics

Front 58

Estimates the degree of confidence that can be placed in generalizations from a sample

Back 58

Inferential Statistics

Front 59

analysis of secondhand data

Back 59

Secondary Data analysis

Front 60

checking data for errors after data have been entered in a computer file

Back 60

Data Cleaning

Front 61

is summarized using:
mode, median or mean.

Back 61

Measures of Central Tendancy

Front 62

5 steps of Qualitative Analysis

Back 62

Documentation
Conceptualization
Examining
Evaluate
Reflexivity

Front 63

simple observation interpreted directly.
"pulled apart" then put back together more meaningfully.

Back 63

Conceptualization

Front 64

Conclusion Validity 3 Criteria

Back 64

How credible informant was

Were statements responses or spontaneous?

How researcher presence affect behavior or thoughts of participant?

Front 65

"naturalistic"
seeks to describe and understand the natural social world as it actually is

study of human cultures.

Back 65

Ethnography

Front 66

Studies....
the way participants in social setting create and sustain sense of reality

Back 66

Ethnomethodology

Front 67

Focuses on...
"the story itself"
seeks to preserve integrity of personal biographies and events.
read stories.

Back 67

Narrative Analysis

Front 68

Narrative Analysis 4 diff. story types

Back 68

Action Tales
Expressive "
Moral "
Rational "

Front 69

Probability average

most frequent value in a distribution

Back 69

Mode

Front 70

One problem with mode...

TWO nonadjacent categories, have same number of cases and more that other categories

Back 70

Bimodal

Front 71

A distribution of a variable where only ONE VALUE is MORE FREQUENT

Back 71

Unimodal

Front 72

position average.

the point that divides the distribution in half.

cumulative of 50%.

Back 72

Median

Front 73

arithmetic average.

weighted average.

add value of cases and divide by total # of cases.

Back 73

Mean

Front 74

A statistic that measures the variability of a distribution as the AVERAGE SQUARED DEVIATION of each case from the MEAN

Back 74

Variance

Front 75

Square Root of the variance

Back 75

Standard Deviation

Front 76

Symmetric distribution shaped like a bell and centered around the population mean.

Back 76

Normal Distribution

Front 77

bivariate distribution.

first step in Quant. analysis.

shows distribution of one variable for each category of another

Back 77

Cross-Tab

Front 78

descriptive statistic used to summarize the strength of an association

Back 78

Measure of Association

Front 79

A measure of association that is sometimes used in cross-tab analysis

Back 79

Gamma

Front 80

EX: in a positively skewed distribution, the value of the MEAN is larger than the median - more extreme skew.

Back 80

Differential Impact of Skewness

Front 81

Captures how widely and densely spread a variable is

Back 81

Measure of Variation

Front 82

the highest value minus the lowest value, plus 1 in a distribution.

used to ID whole range of possible values.

Back 82

Range

Front 83

an exceptionally high or low value in a distribution

Back 83

Outlier

Front 84

the range where most cases lie.

between end of 1st and beginning of 3rd quartile

Back 84

Interquartile Range

Front 85

The points of distribution that correspond to the first:
25%
50%
75% of the cases

Back 85

Quartiles

Front 86

An inferential statistic used to test hypotheses about relationships between 2 or more variables in crosstab

Back 86

Chi-Square

Front 87

when we conclude the relationship is actually there.

not a chance occurrence.

Back 87

Statistical Significance.

Front 88

SYSTEMATIC THEORY...
inductive
observations summarized into conceptual categories.
re-evaluated in research setting.
gradually refined and linked to other conceptual categories.

Back 88

Grounded Theory