Radiology

Front 1

What are the Somatic Risks of radiation exposure?

Back 1

Somatic Risks - Thyroid, CT-Scan = risk of abdominal cancer. Affects patient, can cause radiation sickness, blood dyscrasias, cancer.

Front 2

What are the Genetic Risks of radiation exposure?

Back 2

The Germ cells in the ovaries and the testicles can be affected.

Front 3

What are the Fetal Risks of radiation exposure?

Back 3

Greatest risk to the fetus is in the first trimester.

Front 4

5 Basic densities on plain X-Ray?

Back 4

Air - Appears Blackest

Fat - Gray, somewhat darker than soft tissue

Fluid or soft tissue - have same density

Calcium (ex. Bone) - Densest naturally occurring material.

Metal (including barium) - Appears Whitest

Front 5

What procedure is like watching a movie that is an X-Ray image displayed in real time. It is used in angiography, visualization of biliary tract during surgery, to aid reduction of difficult fractures?

Back 5

Fluoroscopy

Front 6

What position is best to detect air, fluid, or air-fluid levels? What beam must be used to get this?

Back 6

Position - Upright Abdomen

Beam - Horizontal

Front 7

What position and what beam won't allow you to see air, fluid, or air-fluid levels?

Back 7

Position/View - Supine

Beam - Vertical

Front 8

If a patient can not stand straight up, what is a position that you can use to get fluid/air levels?

Back 8

Position - Left Lateral Decubitus

Beam - Horizontal

Front 9

What type of X-Ray is best for viewing the heart?

Back 9

Posterior Anterior View

Front 10

When a anterior posterior view is performed what can occur?

Back 10

The heart will look larger, this is a phenomenon called magnification.

Front 11

When an AP Chest X-Ray is taken, what else is this known as?

Back 11

Portable Chest

Front 12

What view is used to get a shot of the apical portion of the lung and what would this kind of view be used for?

Back 12

Apical Lordotic View

To look for problems in the lung apex such as TB

Front 13

What are the three views normally seen with a C-Spine X-Ray?

Back 13

AP, Lateral and Open Mouth (Odontoid)

Front 14

With the C-Spine X-Ray what are the two special views, and what are they used for?

Back 14

Obliques - for better look at foramen

Flex/Extend - for suspected ligament injury

Front 15

What are the views needed for a long bone?

Back 15

AP and Lateral

Front 16

What are the views needed for a joint?

Back 16

AP, Lateral and Oblique

Front 17

What increases difference in density between tissues to make diagnostic information more easily recognizable?

Back 17

Contrast Media

Front 18

This substance has high radiographic density and it is usually the preferred agent for GI tract, it is given either PO or PR?

Back 18

Barium

Front 19

What is single contrast barium?

Back 19

Barium Only

Front 20

What is double contrast barium?

Back 20

Barium and Air

Front 21

What is given before and after a barium studies? It is given before to prevent false positives, and given after to prevent impaction.

Back 21

Cathartics

Front 22

What are two precautions for barium studies?

Back 22

Not given if suspected colitis because it can cause toxic megacolon. Also, not given if there is a suspected perforation.

Front 23

What is a substance that can be used in place of barium?

Back 23

Gastrograffen

Front 24

As far as IV contrast goes, what kind of agents are the most toxic?

Back 24

agents that are high in osmolality.

Front 25

Why is this a problem?

Back 25

Because these agents are excreted by the kidney and they can cause problems with the renal function.

Front 26

What are four specific risk factors for nephrotoxicity with IV contrast?

Back 26

People taking metformin
Dehydration
Multiple Myeloma
Compromised Renal Function

Front 27

What are the ways in which to prevent IV contrast reactions?

Back 27

Use other modality if possible
Avoid Hyper-Osmolar Contrast
Use lowest dose of contrast possible
Avoid further contrast for 48 hours
Avoid volume depletion
Avoid NSAIDS or other nephrotoxins
Consider acetylcystine for high risk patients.

Front 28

Describe a rxn to IV contrast?

Back 28

Nausea and vomiting, local irritation, itching, hives, anaphylaxis 0.01%-0.04% - higher risk in asthmatics, those with severe allergy or history of reaction to IV contrast.

Front 29

When doing arteriography, for example renal arteriography, what may demonstrate visibly increased vasculature, as opposed to an avascular cyst?

Back 29

A cancer

Front 30

When doing an adrenal ateriography, what might happen because of this study to someone with pheochromocytoma?

Back 30

It could precipitate hypertensive crisis

Front 31

What is the gold standard test to detect pulmonary embolism?

Back 31

Pulmonary arteriography

Front 32

Cerebral angiography is generally used for what, and not generally used for what?

Back 32

Used for - intra and extra-cranial vascular disease, aneurysms, and AV malformations

Not used for - evaluation of cerebral structural lesions.

Front 33

This test is used to evaluate bleeding into bronchi from systemic circuit?

Back 33

Bronchial angiography

Front 34

what is another name for a barium swallow?

Back 34

Esophogram

Front 35

What test is used to look for ulcers or masses in evaluation of heme-positive stool.

Back 35

Upper GI series

Front 36

This test is an X-ray, at timed intervals, to follow profession of contrast into duodenum, jejunum and ilium?

Back 36

Small Bowel Follow Through

Front 37

This test is also known as an enteroclysis - it is used to intubate the duodenum or proximal jejunum and infusing contrast, which distends intestine, making abnormalities more easily visible. This has five times more radiation than the small bowel follow through.

Back 37

Small bowel enema

Front 38

What is known as a barium enema?

Back 38

Low GI series