Radiography

Front 1

What exactly is an x-ray. A particle, a molecule, energy, or an atom?

Back 1

energy

Front 2

What is radiology?

Back 2

the study/diagnosis of radiographs

Front 3

What is radiography?

Back 3

the production of a radiograph

Front 4

What does kV stand for?

Back 4

kilo voltage

Front 5

What does mAs stand for?

Back 5

milli amps per second

Front 6

Which one of these controls the penetration power of the x-rays?

Back 6

kV

Front 7

Which one controls the number of x-rays/quality of the radiograph?

Back 7

mAs

Front 8

Which would need higher exposure factors, a 5cm thick cat chest or 5cm thick dog paw?

Back 8

5cm thick dogs paw

Front 9

What are the two elements contained in the emulsion layer of an x-ray film. Silver (Ag), lead (Pb), chlorine (Cl), or bromine (Br)?

Back 9

Silver (Ag) and bromine (Br)

Front 10

Chemically, what happens to the x-ray film in the developer solution?

Back 10

Exposed AgBr separates and the Br is washed off the film leaving the Ag (which appears black)

Front 11

chemically, what happens in the fixer solution?

Back 11

Unexposed AgBr is washed away leaving a clear space on the film

Front 12

if you took an x-ray on an upside down cassette, what would the resulting radiograph be like. All black, all white, no change – normal x-ray?

Back 12

all white

Front 13

what is contained in the intensifying screens?

Back 13

crystals that fluoresce when exposed to x-rays

Front 14

What is the purpose of intensifying screens?

Back 14

to decrease exposure factors needed

Front 15

when are intensifying screen not used (non-screen films)?

Back 15

dental x-rays

Front 16

name two ways to identify an x-ray film

Back 16

Pb tape, photo imprinting, light pen, sticky labels

Front 17

what position would a patient be in if you were about to take a VD x-ray?

Back 17

Dorsal recumbancy

Front 18

what does ‘to cone down’ or ‘collimate’ mean?

Back 18

To reduce the x-ray area to as small as possible

Front 19

what is fogging and give one cause.

Back 19

Is a spreading blackness over an area of the film. It is caused by light or x-rays reaching an unexposed x-ray film, ie cassette not closed properly, lid not put back on film box properly, loaded cassettes kept in x-ray area

Front 20

name two conditions for proper storage of x-ray film.

Back 20

cool, in original box, lid on, fridge (if high humidity), vertical, dry, dust free, use before expiry date

Front 21

Film to dark

Back 21

Overexposure due to to much kVp of mAs.
Overdevelopment due to too much time in developer or increased developer temperature.
Overmeasurement of part under examination.
Machine (meters or timer) out of calibration.
SID (source image distance) not correct for grid use.

Front 22

Film to light

Back 22

Underexposure due to insufficient kVp of mAs.
Underdevelopment due to decreased temperature or time of development, developer exhausted of diluted.
X-ray tube failure.
Incorrect film-screen combination.
Machine timer out of calibration.
Drop in incoming line voltage.

Front 23

Film gray/lack of contrast

Back 23

Too much kVp.
Radiation fog due to exposure of film to radiation other than desired exposure.
Light leak in darkroom.
Storage fog due to conditions that are too hot of too humid.
chemical fog due to old chemicals, increased chemical temperature, or increased time of development.
Film out of date.
Lack of a grid with use of high kVp.
Double exposure.
Incorrect bulb wattage or filter for safelight in darkroom.

Front 24

Lack of detail

Back 24

Increased object-film distance.
Blurring due to poor screen-film contact.
Blurring due to patient motion.
Blurring due to x-ray tube motion.
Distorted image due to central x-ray not directed at centre of film.
Double exposure.

Front 25

Heavy lines on radiograph (generalised)

Back 25

Grid lines due to:
Grid out of focal range.
Grid out of alignment to x-ray central beam.
Grid upside down.
Damaged grid.
Roller marks as result of film jammed in automatic processor.

Front 26

Inconsistent film density

Back 26

Collimation of primary beam. Bucky tray not positioned directly under primary x-ray beam.
Cassette not locked in Bucky tray correctly.
Light leak into cassette.
Quantum mottle.
Target damage (pitted anode).
Variable screen-film contact.

Front 27

Black marks (not genralised)

Back 27

Crimping or folding of film.
Two films ticking together during development.
Static electricity.
Developer on film bfore processing.
Fingerprints as a result of developer on hands while loading or unloading cassette.

Front 28

Clear areas on filem (white marks; not generalised)

Back 28

Hair in cassette.
Scratch in film emulsion.
Line due to scratch on screen surface.
Contrast medium on cassette or table.
Air bubble on film during developing procedure.
Film touching side of tank during manual processing.
Fingerprints due t film handling with contaminated hands.
Fixer splashes on film before developing.

Front 29

Yellow radiograph

Back 29

Premature age due to improper fixation.
Film sticking together during fixing process. Incomplete washing so that residual fixer oxidises to yellow powder while destroyng the image.

Front 30

Film to dark

Back 30

Overexposure.
Overdevelopment.

Front 31

Film to pale

Back 31

Underexposure (background black but image too light).
Underdevelopment (background pale).

Front 32

Patch film density

Back 32

Developer not stired.
Film not agitated in developer.

Front 33

Contrast to high (soot and whitewash film)

Back 33

Kilovoltage too low.

Front 34

Contrast too low (flat film)

Back 34

Overexposure.
Underdevelopment.
Overdevelopment.
Fogging.

Front 35

Fogging

Back 35

Scattered radiation from patient.
Scattered radiation from elsewhere.
Exposure to white light before fixing stage.

Front 36

Image Blurring

Back 36

Patient movement.
Tube head movement.
Cassette movement.
Scattered radiation.
fogging.
Poor screen - Film contact.
Large OFD.

Front 37

Dorsal

Back 37

Towards the spine or back surface.

Front 38

Ventral

Back 38

Towards or near the lower body surface, or belly, includes the under surface of the neck and tail.

Front 39

Cranial

Back 39

Closest to the head or cranium.

Front 40

Rostral

Back 40

On the head towards the nose.

Front 41

Caudal

Back 41

Towards the tail.

Front 42

Palmar

Back 42

The under surface of the front paws.

Front 43

Plantar

Back 43

The under surface of the paws on the hind legs.

Front 44

Proximal

Back 44

Towards the centre or origin, only relavant to limbs.

Front 45

Distal

Back 45

Furthest away, only relavant on limbs.

Front 46

Superior

Back 46

Top Jaw

Front 47

Inferior

Back 47

Bottom Jaw

Front 48

Lateral

Back 48

Towards the side away from the midline

Front 49

Mediolateral

Back 49

From inside to out, relavant to limbs only.

Front 50

Recumbent

Back 50

Lying down, unable to stand.

Front 51

Density

Back 51

Degree of blackness = mAs

Front 52

Contrast

Back 52

Visable difference in two adjacent tissues = kVs

Front 53

Good film

Back 53

White bone, good variety of greys, organ differentiation and background is black.

Front 54

mAs control

Back 54

the total number of x-rays produced.

Front 55

kVs control

Back 55

the penetrating power.

Front 56

What does a grid do?

Back 56

decreases scatter radiation.

Front 57

Radiographic contrast is defined as?

Back 57

Density difference between two areas of a finished radiograph

Front 58

Radiographic contrast is affected primarity by the?

Back 58

kVp. The higher the kVp, the lower the contrast.

Front 59

Intensifying Screens with Large crystals

Back 59

are faster - less detail - high grain.

Front 60

Intensifying Screens with Small crystals

Back 60

are slower - more detail- low grain.

Front 61

Intensifying Screens are?

Back 61

sheets of luminescent phosphor crystals mounted on the inside of the cassette that fluoresce when hit by x-rays to increase the exposure of the film.

Front 62

Technique chart advantages

Back 62

Save time.
produce quality radiographs.
Prevents the need for a second radiographs due to inappropriate exposure factors.

Front 63

Technique charts is made up based on.....

Back 63

the thickness of the tissue and anatomic area of the body that your are radiographing.

Front 64

SID

Back 64

Source - image distance.
distance from xray tube to film in the cassette.

Front 65

Sante's rule

Back 65

(2 x tissue thickness in cm) + 40 inches (SID) + grid factor = kVp

Front 66

Line Voltage

Back 66

a compensator like a regulator on a o2 bottle. With out this the filament in the compensator will be destroyed. It regulates the amount of electricity to the filament.