Pysch Chapter 1

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pyschology

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the scientific study of mind and behavior, the mind refers to our private inner experience, the ever flowing stream of consciousness that is made of perceptions and thoughts, behavior refers to observable actions

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nativism

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knowledge is innate or inborn, Plato

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philosophical empiricism

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knowledge is acquired through experience, Aristotle

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phrenology

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specific mental abilities and characteristics are localized in specific regions of the brain

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physiology

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study of biological processes, Wundt, Helmholtz

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Wilhelm Wundt

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believed that psychology should focus on analyzing consciousness, adopted structuralism and introspection

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consciousness

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a person's subjective experience of the world and the mind

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structuralism

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the analysis of basic elements that constitute the mind, breaking down consciousness into elemental sensations and feelings

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introspection

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the subjective observation of one's own experiences

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Edward Tichener

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brought structuralism to America, set up a psych lab at Cornell

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William James

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focus on immediate experience and usefullness of introspection, but did not believe that consciousness could be broken down into elements, more like a flowing stream
functionalism
applied darwin's theory of natural selection, reasoned that mental abilities must have evolved because they were adaptive

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functionalism

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the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment

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G. Stanley Hall

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established the first research laboratory, journal, and organization devoted to psych
as children develop, they pass through stages that repeat the evolutionary history of the human race, thus the mental capacities of a young child resemble those of our ancient ancestors, children grow over a lifetime in the same way that a species evolves over aeons

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Illusions

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errors or perception, memory, or judgement, in which subjective experience differs from object reality

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Gestalt Psychology

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emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts

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Dissociative Identity Disorder

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a condition that involves the occurence of two or more distinct identities within the same individual

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Hysteria

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a temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences
James believed that they had important implications for studying the mind

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Sigmund Freud

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believed that many of hysteria patients problems could be traced by to painful childhood experiences that a person could not remember
-unconscious
-psychoanalytic theory
-psychoanalysis

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unconscious

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part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions

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psychoanalytic theory

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Freud's approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processess in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors

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psychoanalysis

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a therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious meterial into conscious awareness to better understand psycological disorders

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Humanist Psychology

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an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the postive potential of human beings, Maslow and Rogers
-focused on the highest aspirations that people had for themselves, rather than viewing people as prisoners of events in their remote pasts, people as free agents who have an inherent need to develop, grow, and reach their full potential

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Behaviorism

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a 20th century approach that advocates that psycologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior

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Margaret Floy Washburn

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published "The Animal Mind" in which she reviewed what was them known about perception, learning, and memory in different animal species
-argued that non-human animals, like humans, have conscious mental experiences

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B.F. Skinner

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investigated the way an animal learns by interacting with its environment
-skinner box, rat lever with food
-principle of reinforcement
-subjective sense of free will is an illusion and that we think we are exercising free will, we are actually responding to present and past patterns of reinforcement, we do things in the present that have been rewarded in the past, and our sense of "choosing" to do them is nothing more than an illusion

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reinforcement

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the consequences of a behavior determine whether it will be more or less likely to occur

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Cognitive psychology

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the scientific study of mental processes, including perceptio, thought, memory, and reasoning
-developed as a field due to the invention of the computer

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Jean Piaget

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studied the perceptual and cognitive errors of children in order to gain insight into the nature and development of the human mind
-younger children lack a particular cognitive ability that allows older chuldren to appreciate the fact that the mass of an object remains constant even when it is divided

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behavioral neuroscience

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links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes

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cognitive neuroscience

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attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity

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evolutionary psychology

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explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive values of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection
-based on Darwin's theory of evolution

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social psychology

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studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior
-people exist as a part of a network of other people

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cultural psychology

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how culture reflects and shapes the psychological processes of its members