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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Heredity
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characteristics obtained directly from the genes
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Environment
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a person’s surroundings, which have an influence on a person’s characteristics and development
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Nature/nurture
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contrasting views of how we gain certain characteristics: the first word refers to heredity, the second to environment
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Genes
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basic units of heredity
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Chromosomes
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units of heredity containing genes; 23 in reproductive cells, 46 in all other cells
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Zygote
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fertilized egg
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Dizygotic twins
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twins who develop from two different eggs fertilized by different sperm; have different heredity
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Monozygotic twins
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twins who come from one fertilized egg, have the same heredity
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Maturization
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the automatic, orderly, sequential process of physical and mental development
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Growth cycles
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patterns of development in which some areas develop more rapidly and some more slowly, but all in a way preplanned by nature
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Imprinting
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a process that occurs at a preset time in development, when the brain is ready to receive and respond to a specific stimulus
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Critical period
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a specific time of development that is the only time when a particular skill can begin to develop or an association can occur
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Feral children
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childres supposedly reared by animals
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Nuclear family
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parents and their children
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Extended family
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nuclear family plus other relatives
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Self esteem
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the feeling of being worthwhile and useful
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Permissive parenting style
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style in which parents let children do as they with; few rules made or enforced
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Dictatorial (authoritarian) parenting style
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style in which parents rigidly set the rules and demand obedience
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Authoritative parenting
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style in which parents seek input from children; parents are consistent but flexible in enforcing rules
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Separation anxiety
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the baby’s fear of being away from the parent; the desire to avoid strangers
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Cognitive development
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the ways in which thinking and reasoning grow and change
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Sensorimotor stage
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Piaget’s first stage of child development in which word symbols are tied to movements and objects in the environment
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Objective permanence
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Piaget’s term for the awareness that specific objects are real and part of the wold
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Preoperational stage
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Piaget’s second stage of child development in which the child is so self involved that other points of view are not understood
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Reversibility
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Piaget’s term for the idea that a relationship that goes in one direction can go in the other direction also
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Consevation
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Piaget’s term for the idea that some of an object’s characteristics can be changed while others remain the same; for example changing shape does not change volume
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Concrete operations stage
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Piaget’s third stage of child development in which the child understands that there is a real world with real objects, which exists apart form the child and which can be manipulated
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Formal operations stage
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Piaget’s fourth stage of child development in which the ability to deal with the highly symbolic thoughts found in logic, math, philosophy, and ethics begin to appear
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Preconventional level
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Kohlberg’s early stage of moral development in which morality is determined by the sheer power of outside authority
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Conventional
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Kohlberg’s middle stage of moral development in which moral reasoning is based on the expectations of others regarding what is right or wrong
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Postconventional level
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Kohlberg’s last stage of moral development in which personal ethics and human rights are dealt with
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