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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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archetypes
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emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meanings
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cardinal traits
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a dominant trait that characterizes nearly all of a person's behavior.
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central traits
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prominent, general dispositions found in anyone
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incongruence
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the degree of disparity between one's self concept and one's actual experience
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locus of control
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a generalized expectancy about the degree to which individuals control their outcomes
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phenomenological approach
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the assumption that one must appreciate individuals' personal, subjective experiences to truly understand their behavior
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secondary traits
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personality traits that surface in some situations, but not in others
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self-efficacy
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one's belief about one's ability to perform certain behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes
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self-report inventories
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personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior
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sensation seeking
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a generalized preference for high or low levels of sensory stimulation
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striving for superiority
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Adler's idea that people have a universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges
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antecedents
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in behavior modification, events that typically precede the target response
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resistance to extinction
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the phenomenon that occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated
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avoidance learning
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learning that has occurred when an organism engages in a response that prevents aversive simulation from occurring
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escape learning
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a type of learning in which in organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimuli
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high order conditioning
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a type of conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus
functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus |
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instinctive drift
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the tendency for an animals instinctive responses to interfere
with conditioning processes |
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negative reinforcement
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the strengthening of a response because it is followed by
the removal of an aversive stimuli |
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positive reinforcement
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occurs when a response is strengthened because followed
by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus |
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personality
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an individual's characteristics pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
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free association
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in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarassing
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psychoanalysis
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Freud's theory of personality that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking exposure and interpret unconscious tensions
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unconscious
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according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware
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id
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contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
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ego
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the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
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superego
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the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations.
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psychosexual stages
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the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure- seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
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oedipus complex
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according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealous and hatred for the rival father.
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identification
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the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parent's values into their developing superegos
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fixation
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according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psych sexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved
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defense mechanisms
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in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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repression
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in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
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regression
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defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats a more infantile psycho sexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
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reaction formation
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psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings
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projection
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psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
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rationalization
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defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for ones actions
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displacement
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psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulse toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
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projective test
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a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
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thematic apperception test (TAT)
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a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interest's through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
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rorschach inkblot test
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the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
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collective unconscious
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Carl Jung's concept of shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
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self-actualization
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according to maslow, the ultimate psychoanalytical need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential
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unconditional positive regard
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according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
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self-concept
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all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
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trait
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a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
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personality inventory
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a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
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minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)
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the most widely researched and clinically used all of personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders
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empirically derived test
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a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
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social-cognitive perspective
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views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context
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reciprocal determinism
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the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors
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personal control
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our sense of controlling our environmental rather than feeling helpless
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external locus of control
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the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate
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internal locus of control
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the perception that one controls one's own fate
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learned helplessness
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the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated averse events
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spotlight effect
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overestimating other's noticing and evaluating out appearance, performance, and blunders
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self-esteem
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one's feelings of high or low self-worth
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self-serving bias
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a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
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individualism
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giving priority in one's own goals over group goals, and defining one's identify in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
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collectivism
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giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly.
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terror-management theory
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proposes that faith in one's word view and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death
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