Psychology Unit 4 Clinical - A2

Front 1

what was rosenhans study related to?

Back 1

the DSM

Front 2

what was Rosenhans study aim?

Back 2

to illustrate the difficulty of defining abnormality and the poor reliability of the DSM

Front 3

briefly outline Rosenhans study procedure

Back 3

-involved 8 pseudo patients who were all clinically sane (3 women 5 men)
-in total went to 12 hospitals to increase generalisability
-reported only one symptom, hearing a repeated voice saying either 'empty' 'hollow' or 'thud' otherwise they acted themselves
-acted completely normally after administration
-task was then to seek release from hospital and record and observe actual patients treatment

Front 4

what were Rosenhans study findings?

Back 4

-all pseudo patients except one were diagnosed with schizophrenia
-they were all however admitted
-none of the staff were doubtful
-other real patients (35) suspected them to be not really mentally ill
-length of stay ranged from 7 days to 52 days

Front 5

what was the follow up to rosenhans study?

Back 5

rosenhan told the hospitals that he was sending atleast one more patient over within a 3 month period, the doctors suspected 41 patiemtsw to be psuedo patients when infact, rosenhan didn't send any

Front 6

what were the pseudo patients observations in rosenhans study?

Back 6

-there was a lack of monitoring
-powerless and depersonalisation, also frequent verbal and sometimes physical abuse
-distortion behaviour, normal behaviour suddenly becomes seen as possible schizophrenic behaviour

Front 7

what does rosenhans study tell us?

Back 7

that psychiatrists cannot reliably tell the difference between sane and insane people. peoppe once labelled insane are treated differently in a negtivew way. also there are apalling conditions in many psychiatric hospitals

Front 8

what year was rosenhans study?

Back 8

1973

Front 9

what were the strengths of rosenhans (1973) study?

Back 9

-used varied hospitals (new, old, private, public) allowing for generalisation
-pseudo patients behaved themselves = validity
-using 8 people in 12 hospitals meant the study was replicated

Front 10

what were some weaknesses of rosenhans (1973) study?

Back 10

-study involved telling the staff that they were hearing voices which is a classic symptom of schizophrenia
-study was carried out over 30 years ago, methods of care and diagnosis have improved, so it might be wrong to say there's still problema with diagnosis

Front 11

which study tested to see if there is a genetic basis to schizophrenia?

Back 11

gottesman and shields (1966)

Front 12

what was gottesman and shields (1966) aim?

Back 12

to see whether schizophrenia had a genetic basis using TWIN STUDY METHODOLOGY. they planned to test different twin pairs to investigate concordance rates of schizophrenia in twins

Front 13

what methodology did gottesman and shields use?

Back 13

twin study methodology

Front 14

what was gottesman and shields (1966) procedure?

Back 14

-looked at psychiatric hospital records covering 16 years
-62 patients in participant sample, half male half female
-ages ranged from 19 to 64
-zygocity determined via finger printing, blood testing and resemblance assessments
-dat collected via hospital notes, case histories, tape recorded samples of verbal behavior, personality testing
-researcers looked at concordance rates

Front 15

what were gottesman and shields (1966) findings?

Back 15

-significant differences found betweenMZ and DZ twins
-Mz twins always more similar than DZ twins
-similarities greater between female twins than male twins
concordance rates higher for both MZ and DZ twins for severe schizophrenia compared to mild

Front 16

what can wr conclude from gottesman and shields (1966) findings?

Back 16

the closer the genetic relationship between two people, the greater the likelihood that if one of them is diagnosef with sz the co-twin will also develop it

Front 17

what is the main depression study?

Back 17

brown et al (1986)

Front 18

what was brown et al's (1986) aim?

Back 18

to see whether crisis support protects against onset of depression, to see if lack of support and low self esteem are vulnerability factors

Front 19

briefly summarise brown et als (1986) study

Back 19

-london
-prospective design
longitudinal study started before onset of depression
- doctors contacted women
-women whosw husbands work in manual occupations had a child aged 18 or under living at home
-single mothers 395 were used in stage 1
- self esteem and personal ties measured
experienced interviewer's interviewed 21 women intensively

Front 20

what were brown et als (1986) findings?

Back 20

-in general those who had husband or close tie had a lower chance of onset of depression
- however woman who confide in their Husbands felt let down due to lack of support
- low self esteem implicated in the onset of depression
- a provoking agent seemed necessary for the development of depression in most cases

Front 21

what is concurrent validity?

Back 21

it is when the results of a study matches the result of another study done at the same time

Front 22

what is predictive validity?

Back 22

when test/study results match the results of another study done at a different time

Front 23

what is the biological explanation of schizophrenia?

Back 23

the dopamine hypothesis - excess number of dopamine receptors at the post synaptic membrane or neurones in schizophrenic patients