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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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James-Lange
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Emotional theory.
Physical stimulus Big dog, heart races, interpret as fear. |
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Cannon-Bard
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Emotional theory.
Thalamic (simultaneous stimulus) Emotion arises simultaneous to physiological changes |
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Singer-Schachter
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Emotional theory.
2 Factor (physical + mind appraisal) i.e heart racing + on stage = nervous heart racing + christmas = excitement |
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Lazarus
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Emotional theory.
There must be a thought, for the emotion to arise. Mind stimulus |
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Psychosexual development
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Freud's model
Oral 0-1 Anal 1-3 Phallic 3-5 Latency 5-12 Genital 12+ |
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Psychosocial development
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Erikson
Trust vs mistrust 0-1 (Hope) Autonomy vs Shame 1-3 (Will) Initiative vs Guilt 3-5 (Purpose) Industry vs Inferiority 5-12 (Competence) Identity vs Role confusion 12-19 (Fidelity) Intimacy vs Isolation 19-35 (Love) Generativity vs Stagnation 35-65 (Care) Integrity vs Despair 65 + (Wisdom) |
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Moral development
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Lawrence Kohlberg
Preconventional <10 (obedience/punishment) (self interest) Conventional 10-20 (law based) (interpersonal) Postconventional 20+ (Principle based) (Socialistic) |
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Cognitive development
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Piaget
Sensorimotor 0-2 (until language) Preoperational 2-7 (pre-logic) Operational 7-11 (A>B, B>A, ??? A>C) Formal Operational (Adult logic) |
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Margaret Mahler
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3 stages of separation-individuation
Autistic phase (4w) Symbiotic phase (4m) (no concept of separation from carer) Separation-Individuation phase, split into Hatching Practising Reproachment |
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Thomas and Chess
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Worked on Temperament
Showed that 65% of children fall into: Easy child (40%) Difficult child (10%) Slow to warm up child (15%) |
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Bandura
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Bobo doll experiment.
Suggests that children learn by observation of others behaviour/rewards/punishment as well as their own |
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Konrad Lorenz
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Worked with birds, including:
Described imprinting with geese Gosling follows first conspicuous object Imprinting occurs during a sensitive period, happens very quickly, is irreversible and requires no reinforcement And, aggression in seagulls being evolutionary in nature |
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Ribot's law
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Retrograde amneisa
You lose first what you learnt last |
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Self-serving bias
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Success is due to me being good, failure is due to external circumstances
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5 broad personality traits
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OCEAN
Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion (Surgency) Agreeableness Neuroticism (emotional stability) |
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Thorndike
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Thorndike's law of effect
Events that have negative results are less likely to occur And vice/versa |
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Primary/secondary reinforcer
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Primary reinforcers are base, natural, instinctive rewards such as sex, food, drink, comfort.
Secondary reinforcers have to be learned and attributed positive values such as money or career opportunity |
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Fundamental attribution error
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The flawed thinking whereby a person's mistakes are attributed to their personality flaws rather than external situational factors, to an unfair degree
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Ekman
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Described the basic 6 human emotions that are universal
Happiness Fear Disgust Surprise Anger Sadness |
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Mary Ainsworth
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"Strange situation procedure" test
70% secure attachment 15% Anxious ambivalent 15% Anxious-avoidant Remains stable through development Secure - Autonomous Avoidant - Dismissing Resistant - Preoccupied Disorganised - Unresolved |
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Thurstone
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Argued about primary abilities in intelligence, including:
•Word fluency •Verbal comprehension •Spatial visualization •Number facility •Associative memory •Reasoning •Perceptual speed |
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Heinz dilemma
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Morality scenario (heinz broke into pharmacy to steal life saving drug for his wife) to assess children's morality, by Lawrence Kohlberg
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Harlow
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Experiment with rhesus monkeys on attachment with wire/cloth dolls as "mothers". Monkeys chose the cloth one despite it not providing food, demonstrating closeness is more important than food.
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Hawthorne effect
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Observational bias, to change one's behaviour if they know they are being observed
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Halo effect
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Attributing a characteristic due to a separate factor, e.g., person with glasses = clever, person who is fat = lazy
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Interloper effect
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Valuing 3rd party consultation as objective.
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Forer effect
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Explains astrology/cold calling
Provides very general information but seems to apply specifically to user |
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Prochaska and DiClement
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Model of change
Pre-contemplation Contemplation (Ambivalent about change) Preparation ("Testing the waters") Action (Started to introduce change) Maintenance (ongoing efforts to maintain change) |
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Kubler-Ross
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Grief reaction (Dr Hibbert)
Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance |
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Festinger
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Introduced the idea of cognitive dossonance
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