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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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nature approach
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aka maturational approach- developmental proceeds in an orderly fashion, is result of genetics
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nurture approach
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aka experience approach- emphasizes importance of environment for development
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middle ground
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relative contribution of each
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continuity view
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development is a gradual, additive process without sudden change
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discontinuity
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development is discontinuous qualitative transformations
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cross-sectional study
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studying people all at one time
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longitudinal research
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studying same group of people for a period of time
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germinal period
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1st two weeks after coneption creation of zygote, cell division and attachment of zygot to uterine wall
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embryonic period
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2-8 week after conception. cell division increases supports system for cells form, and organs appear.
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endoderm
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digestive and respiratory systems
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ectoderm
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nervous system and sensory receptors
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mesoderm
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bones, muscles, excretory, reproductive and circulatory system s
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fetal period
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2-9 months after conception. fetus is rapidly gaining weight, fine detailing of body organs and systems
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teratogens
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an agent that produces a malformation or raises population incidence of malformation
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fetal alcohol sundrome
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a group of abnormalities in babes born to mothers who consume alcohol during pregnancy
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Cephalocaudal pattern
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greatest development takes place at top of body, and physical development moves gradually downwards
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Proximodistal pattern
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growth starts at center of bdy and moves towards extremities. you can control your chest muscles before you can control your should or arm
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Babinski
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stroking the sole of the foot for brain damage
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Moro's relflex
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aka startle reflex- when baby senses that they are falling
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Attatchment
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strong affectionate bond with special others that endures over time
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Evolutionary Psychology
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infants are motivated to seek out attention/proximity of adults
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Psychoanalytic orientation
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early experiences with caregivers lead to formation of "working models"
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Ainsworth's Strange Situation
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major attachment types
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Bowlby
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significant risk of psychopathology later in life should attachment become inconsistent or less than satisfactory
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Affectionless characters
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their relationships are for their use not for bonding
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Reactive attachment disorder
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not a lot of affection in first two years. they hurt other kids and animals
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Demandingness
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degree to which parents set down rules/expectations for behavior and require children to comply (how strick)
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Responsiveness
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degree to which parents are sensitive to children needs and express love, warmth. and concern for children
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Authoritative
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high in demandingness and high in responsiveness most positive outcomes for kids
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Authoritarian
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high in demandingness but low in responsiveness
-rebellion or dependency, violence in and out of home, less creative, less socially competent |
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Indulgent
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low in demandingness and igh in responsiveness
-kids not prepared to accept frustrations or responsibilities |
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Indifferent
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low in demandingess and responsiveness
-impulsive and delinquent most common parenting style |
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Piagets Cognitive Development Theory
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Piaget saw cognitive development as a series of stages
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Schemas
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cognitive structures-organized ideas that grow/differentiate with experience
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Adaptation
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including/adjusting new info
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Assimilation
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absorbing new information into existing schemas
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Accommodation
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adjusting old schemas or developing new ones to better fit with new information
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Sensorimotor (birth-2)
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learning to coordinate their motor reactions with sensory input
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Preoperational (2-7)
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symbolic representational ability- objects can be represented with symbols
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Object permanence
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just because something is out of sight doesn't mean it no longer exists
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Egocentric
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they don't understand that other people have a different point of view
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Animistic
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giving human or life-like qualities to inanimate objects
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Syncretism
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trying to link two things that are not related
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Concrete operational (7-11)
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reason becomes more flexible, logical, organized
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Formal Operational (11+)
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abstract, logical, idealistic
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Personal Fable
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you are unique and special- no one understands what it is like to be you
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Imaginary audience
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everyone is looking at me and judging me
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Kohlberg's Theory of Moral developmental
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study included 72 boys aged 10, 13, and 16. they were presented with ten moral dilemmas. boys asked to select one of two acts, then questions about their choice. no right or wrong answers
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Ethic of Autonomy
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individual as primary moral authority. do what you want as long as you don't hurt other people
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Ethic of Community
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individuals are members of social groups to which they have commitments/responsibilites
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Ethic of Divinity
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individual is a spiritual entity subject to rules of a divine authority
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Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
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first ture life span theorist
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Basic trust vs mistrust
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1st year. most important- consistency, predictability, and reliability in caretaker's action
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Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
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(1-3) trying to exercise sense of autonomy
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Initiative vs. Guilt
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(preschool) child makes plans, sets goals, and perseveres in attaining them
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Industry vs. Inferiority
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(elementary school) learing the useful skills and tools of the wider culture
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Identity vs. Identity Confusion
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(adolescence) establishing an ego identity- who one is, one's place in the larger social order
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Intimacy vs. Isolation
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(early adulthood) Intimacy- ability to bond emotionally with another person
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Generativity vs Stagnation
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(adulthood)-Generativity-creation of children/production of things and ideas through work- chance to make an impression on the world
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Integrity vs. Despair
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(old age)-life review- accomplishments, regrets
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Five Stages of Dying
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1. Denial
2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance |
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Five stages of Grieving
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1. numbness
2. yearning and searching 3. disorganization, anger, and despair 4. reorganization/resolution |
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Money & Erhardt's Biosocial Theory
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interplay of biology and social experiences
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Social Learning theory
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Bandura and Mischel. Gender role instruction in no different from any other kind of social learning
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Direct tuition
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aka differential reinforcement- we are rewarded when we behave in gener appropriate way
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Cognitive-Developmental theory
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children have to reach a level where they form a gender identity, actively socialize themselves
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Gender Schema theory
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networks of gender information that color perceptions/ shape behaviors
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Evolutionary Approach
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natural selection and adaptation as major determinants of social behavior
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Masculinity
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taking charge, standing up for themselves, etc
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Femininity
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expressive roles-taking care of others, being kind and nurturing
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Androgyny
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combination of masculine/feminine traits in one person
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Gender role transcendence
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when an individual's competence is at issue, it should be conceptualized on a person basis
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Verbal ability
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advantage for females
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Visual/spatial ability
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males
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Math ability
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females are better at math computation, males are better at higher math theory
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Aggression-boys vs girls
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males are more physically and overtly aggressive, females are more convertly aggressive. Relational aggression- spreading rumors
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Activity level-boys vs girls
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males are more active
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Fear, timidity and risk-taking-boys vs girls
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females
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Emotional expressiveness/sensitivity-boys vs girls
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females are more likey to talk about emotional subjects. Males are just as sensitive, but don't talk about it
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Compliance-boys vs girls
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females are more likely to go along with others. males issue order to gain compliance, females use suggestions , more diplomatic
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Restrictive
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place strong prohibitions on sex before marriage
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Ines Beag
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island off the coast of Ireland, most repressive culture, mo one is aloud to be naked sex is only for procreation
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Double standard
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some impose the death penalty on females for sexual indiscretions, no culture punishes males as much
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Semirestrictive
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prohibitions are ot as strictly enforced, and there are easy ways around them
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Permissive
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encourage and expect sexuality
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Mangaian culture of the South Pacific
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sexuality begins in childhood, women teach boys how to have sex
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Types of female circumcision
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sunna circumcision, clitoridectomy, infibulation, unsanitary conditions.
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Homophobia
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irrational fear and hatred of homosexuals
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Modeling theory
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kids raised by gay couples are not more likely to be gay
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Poor parenting theory
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dominant mother does not make males gay
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Role models
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choosing male role models not make girls lesbians
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Seduction theory
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children who are molested are not more likey to be gay
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Motivation
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factors that activate, direct, maintain behavior toward a goal
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Emotion
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subjective feeling that includes arousal, cognitions, and expressions
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Instincts
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specific, inborn behavior patterns characteristic of an entire species
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Drive reduction theory
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behavior aimed at reducing a sate of bodily tension/arousal and returning organism to homeostasis (balance)
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Drive
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state of tension or arousal that motivates behavior
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Primary drives
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unlearned, found in all animals; motivate behavior vital to survival of individual/species
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Secondary drives
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learned drives not based on a physiological state
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Arousal theory
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each individual has an optimum level of arousal; varies from one situation to next and over course of the day
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Zuckerman
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sensation seeking is a basic motivation that varies greatly from person to person
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Critque
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Naive- not everybody is trying to be the best person they can be. it is difficult to research
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Intrinsic motivation
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desire to perform a behavior that stems from behavior performed
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Extrinsic motivation
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desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment
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