Psychology: Social Psychology

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social psychology

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study the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior

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social interaction

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harming or helping others to satisfy needs

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social influence

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influencing others to act in a certain way

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social cognition

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determining why people are the way they are and why they do the things they do

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social behavior can be explained by:

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survival, reproduction

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agression

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behavior with purpose to harm others

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premeditated aggression

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consciously decide to use aggression

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impulsive aggression

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people aggress spontaneously without premeditation

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agression gender differences

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men more physically aggressive; women more socially aggressive

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frustration-aggressive principle

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people react aggressively when their goals are thwarted in some way

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cooperation

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behavior of two or more people that leads to mutual benefit

prisoner's dilemma game

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altruism

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behavior that benefits another without benefiting oneself

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reciprocal altruism

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behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future

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group

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collection of people who believe they have something in common

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prejudice

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positive or negative evaluation of another person based on their group membership

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discrimination

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positive or negative behavior toward another person based on their group membership

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de individuation

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to become less aware of own values

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group polarization

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tendency for initial opinion or idea to gain power over time

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selective women

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birth is more costly for women

social expectations

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attraction: situational

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must be physically close to mate

mere exposure effect: tendency for liking to increase with frequency of exposure

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attraction: physical

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appearance is important attribute

beauty: face and body bilaterally symmetrical, immature features in women, mature features in men, males inverted triangle, women hourglass; differs with individual and culture

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attraction: psychological

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similarity of internal qualities and beliefs is usually attractive

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complementary needs theory

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people are attracted to people with different traits

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attraction similarity theory

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people are attracted to people with similar personality traits

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assortative mating

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married people are more similar than different; ethnicity, physical characteristics, personality

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social exchange

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people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits

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equity

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cost to benefit ratio of two partners are about equal

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observational learning

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learning that occurs when watching another person being rewarded or punished

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norms

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unwritten rules for how a culture is supposed to act

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normative influence

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person's behavior is influenced by another's behavior because the latter provides information about what is appropriate

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norm of reciprocity

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people should benefit those who have benefited them

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door in the face technique

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use's reciprocating concessions to influence behavior

dad can I have $20? well, can I have just $10?

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conformity

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to do what others are doing simply because they are doing it

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obedience

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to do what authorities tell us to do simply because they say to do it

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persuasion

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when person's attitudes or beliefs are influenced by other person

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systematic persuasion

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change in attitude or belief that occurs because of appeal to reason

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heuristic persuasion

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a change in attitude or beliefs that occurs because of appeals to habit or emotion

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foot in the door technique

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a strategy that uses a person's desire for consistency to influence their behavior

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cognitive dissonance

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an unpleasant state that happens when person recognizes inconsistency of own attitudes, beliefs, or actions

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stereotyping

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process in which inferences are made about others based on knowledge of the categories to which others belong

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perceptual confirmation

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perceiving what you expect to perceive

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self fulfilling prophecy

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when observers bring about what they expect to perceive

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subtyping

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revising the stereotype when you find conflicting evidence rather than realizing that it may not be true

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attribution

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an inference about the cause of a person's behavior

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situational attribution

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deciding that behavior is caused by some temporary aspect of the situation

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dispositional attribution

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deciding that behavior is caused by his/her relatively enduring tendency to think, feel, or act in a certain way

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correspondence bias/ fundamental attribution error

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making a dispositional attribution even when a person's behavior was actually caused by situation

good people do bad things

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actor - observer effect

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making situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the same behavior of others