Psychology Final Exam

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What is psychology?

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science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underly it and the profession that applies the knowledge.

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Weiten's 7 Themes

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1) psychology is empirical
2)psychology is theoretically diverse
3) psychology evolves in a socio-historical context
4) behavior is determined by multiple causes
5) behavior is determined by multiple causes
6) heredity and environment jointly influence behavior
7) people's experience of the world is highly subjective

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clinical psychology

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branch of psychology concerned w/ diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems

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empiricism

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premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation

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psychiatry

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branch of medicine concerned w/ diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems

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theory

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system of inter-related ideas that is used to explain a set of observations

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experiment

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research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur

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independent variable

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condition that an experimenter varies

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dependent variable

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the variable that is thought to be affected

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extraneous variable

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any variables likely to influence dependent variables in a specific study

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confounding variable

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two variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their independent effects

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control group

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subjects who do not receive special treatment

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Disadvantages/ Advantages of Naturalistic Observation

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-good place to start when little is known
-cannot draw causal conclusions

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Disadvantages/ Advantages of case studies

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-individual case can provide evidence to support/undermine a theory

-cannot draw causal conclusions

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Disadvantages/ Advantages of survey

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-collection of data is easy
-can gather data on difficult to observe aspects of behavior
-cannot draw causal conclusions
-unreliable data

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REM sleep

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high frequency brain waves and rapid eye movements

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NON REM sleep

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no eye movements, varied brain wave activity

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Dream

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mental experiences during REM sleep

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Function of Sleep

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conserve energy

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Effects of sleep deprivation

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impair attention, reaction time, cognitive speed and accuracy

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Effect of REM sleep deprivation

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little impact on daytime functioning, but causes REM rebound effect

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Night terrors

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abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by feelings of panic

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Narcolepsy

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sudden and irrisistable onset of sleep during normal waking period

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sleep apnea

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reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person at night

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insomnia

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chronic problems getting adequate sleep

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hyper-somnia

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excessive daytime sleepiness

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sensory memory

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preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second

*allows visual pattern, sound or touch to linger for a brief moment

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short term memory

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limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for 10-20 seconds

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long term memory

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an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over length periods of time

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semantic memory system

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general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned

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episodic memory

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chronological or temporarily dated recollections of personal experiences

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interference

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people forget information because of competition from other material

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trace decay

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forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time

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retrieval failure

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mismatch occurs between retrieval cues and encoding

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flashbulb memory

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vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events

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anterograde amnesia

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lossof memories for events that occur after head injuries

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retrograde amnesia

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loss of memories for events that occur prior to head injury

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cognitive dissonance

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a psychological state that exists when related cognitions are inconsistent

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attributions

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inferences that people draw about the courses of events, others behavior and their own behavior

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passionate love

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a complete absorption in another that includes tender sexual feelings and the agony and ecstasy of intense emotions

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companionate love

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warm trusting tolerant effection for another who's life is deeply intertwined in you own

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intimacy

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warmth, closeness and sharing in a relationship

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commitment

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an intent to maintain a relationship in spite of the difficulties and costs that may arrise

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parietal lobe

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sense of touch

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occipital love

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responsible for sight

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temporal lobe

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auditory processing

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primary motor cortex

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control movement of muscles

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broca's area

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plays an important role in production of speech

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wernicke's area

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damage leads to problems with comprehension of language

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left hemisphere

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processes language and higher mental processes

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somatic nervous system

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made up of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and sensory receptors

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autonomic nervous system

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made up of nerves connecting to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles and glands

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sympathetic

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mobilizes the bodies resources for emergencies

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parasympathetic

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conserves bodily resources

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cerebellum

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structure that coordinates fine muscle movement and balance

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cerebrum

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responsible for sensing, thinking, learning, emotion, conscious and voluntary movement

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corpus callosum

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bridge of fibers passing information between the two hemispheres

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hypothalamus

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responsible for regulating basic biological needs: hunger, thirst, temperature control

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hippocampus

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part of limbic system involved with learning and memory

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reticular formation

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group of fibers that carry stimulation related to sleep and arousal through brainstem

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What is motivation?

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goal-directed behavior

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what are the two theories linked to motivation?

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drive and incentive theories

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natural selection

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heritable characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely to be passed on

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evolutionary psychology

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theoretical perspective that examines behavioral process in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations

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adaptation

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inherited characteristic that increased in a population because it helped solve a problem of survival or reproduction

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fitness

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reproductive success of an individual organism relative to the average reproductive success of the population

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inclusive fitness

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sum of an individuals own reproductive success plus the effects the organism has on the reproductive success of others

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parental investment

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what each sex invests in terms of time, energy, survival risk and forgone opportunities

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Three aspects of emotion

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1) subjective conscious experience
2) bodily arousal
3) characteristic overt expression

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Six Fundamental Emotions

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happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust

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What structures are most important for emotional responses?

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hypothalmus, amygdala and limbic system