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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Boring a hole into patients' skulls to let out bad spirits (6500 B.C.) |
Trephination |
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Hippocrates (460-370 B.C.) What were the axis on his behaviour chart? |
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Founder of American Psychiatry and used Moral Philosophy in treatment |
Dr. Benjamin Ruth |
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Pioneered the medical model of mental disorders (treating them like other medical issues) |
Phillipe Pinel |
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to search for or interpret symptoms in a way that confirms one's preconceptions, leading to errors - can affect Perception Tests, also influences prejudice. |
Confirmation Bias |
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The number of individuals in a statistical population that will experience a disease at any point in time shows the disease's ___________ |
Point Prevalence |
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Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks - the worry about them can lead to Agoraphobia |
Panic Disorder (fun fact: smokers are twice as likely to have this disorder) |
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One fear response is transferred over to a group (e.g. scared by cat, become afraid of all cats) - what's a famous experiment that demonstrates an example of this? |
Stimulus Generalization, as shown in the Little Albert experiment |
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Disorder - large proportion is learned instead of inherited, affects 2x more women than men, caused by imbalanced levels of serotonin and glutamate - response to potential future loss |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Group of disorders that includes Depression (decreased frontal lobe activity), Mania (increased frontal lobe activity), and Bipolar |
Mood Disorder |
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Disorder which affects women twice as often than men, decreased activity in frontal lobe, and decreased levels of serotonin and norepinephrine - response to to past and current loss [biopsychosocial] |
Depression |
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Hypodepression and Hypomania (less severe than Bipolar) |
Cyclothymia |
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Severe, persistent depressive symptoms |
Major depressive disorder |
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Loss of touch/split with reality |
Psychosis (opposite of neurosis) |
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Schizophrenia's positive symptoms |
hallucinations, delusions, disordered/bizarre thoughts and behaviours [you GAIN something] |
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Schizophrenia's negative symptoms |
Social withdrawal, low energy, flat affect emotional state, anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure) [you LOSE something] |
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False Beliefs |
Delusions |
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Type of Delusion where you feel constant guilt or that you are being threatened or under attack |
Persecutory |
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Types of Delusion where you think everyone is thinking/talking about you |
Referential |
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Types of Delusion where you think you are a figure of power (like Jesus) |
Grandiose |
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Differences between Acute and Chronic Schizophrenia |
Acute - caused by a major life stress, more positive symptoms, recovery more likely. Chronic - appears slowly over a long period of time, positive and negative symptoms, recovery less likely. |
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Disorder that is very hereditary. A high-risk environment can triggers its symptoms (such with childhood abuse & birth complications). Characterized by dopamine overactivity, abnormally low brain activity in the frontal lobes, out of sync neural firings, increased activity in thalamus (filters sensory signals) and amygdala. Victims have enlarged fluid-filled areas, and shrunk cerebral tissue, cortex, corpus callous and thalamus |
Schizophrenia |
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Disorder that is very hereditary, affects men and women equally. Victims have decreased white matter and enlarged fluid-filled ventricles |
Bipolar |
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Caused by extreme emotional trauma in childhood - suffers have smaller hippocampuses and smaller amygdalas |
Dissociative Identity Disorder |
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Disorder usually found in men, victims have smaller amygdalas and less frontal lobe tissue (controls impulses/inhibitions) and smaller amygdala, show lower autonomic nervous system arousal - risks include childhood mistreatment, poverty, and birth complications [biopsycosocial] |
Antisocial personality disorder |
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Name types of personality disorders |
-Avoidant [anxiety] -Schizotypal [eccentric/odd] -Borderline, Narcissistic, Histrionic and Antisocial [dramatic/impulsive]. |
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Approach to viewing disorders that recognizes genetic predispositions, physiological states, inner psychological dynamics, and socio-cultural circumstances |
Biophysical approach |
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Disorder that is very heritable - treatable with Ritalin or Adderall |
Attention - deficit/hyperactivity disorder |
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Immigrants to the U.S. have a lower rate of mental illness than people with the same ethnic heritage born in the U.S. |
Immigrant paradox |
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Disorder characterized by an overactive anterior cingulate cortex - has a strong genetic bias |
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder |
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Disorder that has a strong genetic bias & affects women twice as often than men. Victims have a sensitive limbic system and a smaller amygdala |
Post traumatic stress disorder |
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Phobias are maintained through behaviour that reduces anxiety and avoids stimulus |
Reinforcement |
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Mild depressive symptoms |
dysthymia |
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People's assumptions and expectations influence what they perceive (interaction between people's traits and their social context) - can become self-defeating |
Sociocognitive perspective |
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Hopeless and passive resignation |
Learned helplessness |
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Compulsive fretting and overthinking about problems and causes |
Rumination |
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Explanatory Style - which types of explaining are typical of depressive attitudes? |
- Stable (it's going to last forever) -Global (it's going to affect everything I do) - Internal (it's all my fault) |
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Sudden loss of memory or change in identity |
Fugue state |
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Disorder that mostly affects women - is hugely influenced by media/peer groups. Having a gene that reduces serotonin increases risk. |
Anorexia nervosa |
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Psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties and personal growth - treats underlying problem |
Psychotherapy |
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Medication and biological treatments - treats symptoms |
Biomedical therapy |
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Aimed to bring repressed or disowned feelings into conscious awareness, through free association and dream analysis. Locates source of blocked mental flow - allowing self-insight |
Psychoanalysis |
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Who was psychoanalysis pioneered by? |
Freud |
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Blocking from conscious anxiety-laden material, which the analyst will note and provide insight into their meaning. [psychoanalysis] |
Resistance |
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Promoting insight by suggesting dream meanings and behaviour causes [psychoanalysis] |
Interpretation |
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Patients transfer of feelings from another relationship to the analyst [psychoanalysis] |
Transference |
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Therapy originating from Neo-Freudians, which help people achieve self-insight concerning unconscious forces and childhood experiences - most effective with depression and anxiety |
Psychodynamic therapy |
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Variation of psychodynamic therapy, instead of focusing on past, provides symptom relief and relationship skills - most effective with mild to moderate depression |
Interpersonal therapy/(client centred) counselling |
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Increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defences - seeks to relieve problems by providing an understanding of their origins [Humanistic & Psychodynamic] |
Insight therapy |
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Approach that emphasizes people's potential for self-fulfillment, favouring growth potential over drives and conflicts, conscious state more important than unconscious, and present and future more important than past |
Humanistic |
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Uses techniques like active listening in a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate growth [Humanistic approach] |
Client-Centred therapy |
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Who pioneered client-centred therapy and active listening, while having a person-centred perspective (believing people are basically good & endowed with self-actualizing tendencies)? |
Carl Rogers |
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Which humanistic technique requires the psychologist to : -Paraphrase -Invite clarification -Reflect feelings/body language |
Active listening |
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Applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviours (maladaptive symptoms) - most effective with phobias, compulsions, sexual dysfunctions |
Behaviour therapy |
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Pairs trigger stimulus with a new, relaxing response that is incompatible with fear [Behaviour therapy] |
Counterconditioning |
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Counterconditioning which exposes people (virtually or non-virtually) to the thing they fear [Behaviour therapy] |
Exposure therapy |
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Counterconditioning which pairs a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli [Behaviour therapy] |
Systematic desensitization |
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Counterconditioning where an unwanted state is paired with an unwanted behaviour (e.g. nausea for alcohol abusers) [Behaviour therapy] |
Aversive Conditioning |
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Operant conditioning, where patients earn tokens or other treats for good behaviour [Behaviour therapy] |
Token Economy |
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Teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking, based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions (Reveal, test, then change beliefs) |
Cognitive therapy |
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Combines cognitive (changing self-defeating thinking) with behaviour therapy (changing behaviour) - most effective with anxiety, PTSD and depression |
Cognitive-behavioural therapy |
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Group therapy which views individuals behaviours as influenced by, or directed at, other family members - changes family's relationships and interactions |
Family Therapy |
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Therapy that combines exposure therapy and the placebo effect to help treat anxiety disorders |
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) |
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Therapy that counteracts seasonal major depressive disorders |
Light exposure therapy |
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the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behaviour |
Psychopharmacology |
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Drugs that treat schizophrenia and other thought disorders by occupying dopamine's receptor sites and blocking it's activity, making it harder for action potentials to occur at dendrites |
Antipsychotic drugs (chlorpromazine) |
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Drugs that reduce anxiety symptoms by increasing neurotransmitter GABA, which increases the negative (Cl-) charge in dendrites, and reduces the chance of an action potential, but can be psychologically addictive |
Antianxiety drugs (xanax, ativan) |
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Drugs used to treat anxiety, OCD, PTSD and depression, by blocking reabsorption and removal of serotonin (or norepinephrine) from synapses - usually take a few weeks to be effective |
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors [Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil] |
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More effective treatment for depressed people with moderate to mild symptoms (as antidepressants only greatly affect people with major depressive disorder) |
Exercise and cognitive-behavioural therapy |
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Drugs used to treat bipolar, by occupying sodium channels |
Mood-Stabilizing drugs (Lithium) |
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Treats severe depression by weakening connections in a 'hyper-connected' neural hub in the left frontal lobe |
Electroconvulsive therapy |
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Repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain to alleviate depressed moods |
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation |
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treatment focused on the 'depression centre' (neural hub that bridges the thinking frontal lobes to limbic system) |
Deep brain stimulation |
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Identifying and eliminating the conditions that cause disorders (poverty, long working hours, lack of sleep) |
Preventative mental health |
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Which serotonin genes make you most susceptible to depression? |
Two short alleles |
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What is the best reinforcement schedule for Operant conditioning? [Behavioural therapy] |
Variable/random ratio (e.g. reward approx. every x button presses) |
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Instant thoughts that relate to your core beliefs |
Automatic thought (explanatory style) |
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Operates on the pleasure principle - to satisfy basic sexual/aggressive desires [psychoanalysis] |
Id |
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Operates on the reality principle, largely conscious 'executive' that mediates amount other parts' demands [psychoanalysis] |
Ego |
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Voice of moral compass (conscience) that provides ideal standards for judgement and for future aspirations [psychoanalysis] |
Superego |
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Name the childhood psychosexual stages [psychoanalysis] |
1. Oral (0-18 months) 2. Anal (18-36 months) 3. Phallic (3-6 years) 4. Latency (6 to puberty) 5. Genital (puberty up) |
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Fixation at which psychosexual stage could result in an Oedipus complex? [psychoanalysis] |
Phallic |
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Children incorporate their parent's values into their developing superegos - forms gender identity [psychoanalysis] |
Identification |
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Defence mechanism that attempts to banish intolerable impulses, ideas and feelings from consciousness [psychoanalysis] |
Repression |
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Dream's remembered content [psychoanalysis] |
Manifest content |
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Censored content in dreams - expressions of dreamer's unconscious wishes [psychoanalysis] |
Latent content |
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What were the two main ways in which Neo-freudians differed from Freud? |
1. Placing more emphasis on the conscious mind's role in interpreting experience. 2. Doubting that sex and aggression were all-consuming motivations. |
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Which Neo- Freudian psychologist proposed the inferiority complex? |
Alfred Alder |
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Which Neo- Freudian psychologist countered Freud's masculine bias and proposed childhood anxiety triggers for love and security? |
Karen Horney |
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Which Neo-Freudian psychologist proposed the collective unconscious? |
Carl Jung |
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Carl Jung's theory of a shared, inherited recevoir of memory (or archetypes) |
Collective Unconscious |
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Name two Projective Tests. [Neo-Freudians] |
Thematic Apperception Test, and the Rorschach Inkblot Test |
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We overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviours |
False Consensus Effect |
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People's emotional and behavioural responses to death-related anxiety |
Terror-Management theory |
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This psychologist believed we are motivated by a hierarchy of needs, and want to reach self-actualization (all that the self can be)? [Humanistic] |
Abraham Maslow |
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What are Carl Rodger's three conditions for a growth promoting climate? [Humanistic] |
Genuineness, Acceptance (showing universal positive regard), and Empathy |
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All our thoughts and feelings relating to who we are - if we view ourselves positively, we view others positively [Humanistic] |
Self-Concept |
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A characteristic pattern of behaviour or a disposition to feel or act, that can render stimuli functionally equivalent - they are 50% heritable, and stabilize by the time you reach adulthood |
Trait |
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The Myers-Briggs type indicator is used to assess what? |
Traits (average behaviour) |
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Clustering traits around several descriptions of behaviour (e.g. the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire correlates traits around extraversion-introversion and stability-instability) |
Factor Analysis |
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Which type of person has lower frontal lobe arousal and higher dopamine releases? |
Extroverts |
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Long questionnaire used to gauge selected personality traits (e.g. Minnesota Multiphasic _____ -______) |
Personality Inventory |
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Big five personality traits |
- Conscientiousness (sticks to principles) - Agreeableness - Neuroticism (emotional instability) - Openness - Extraversion --> CANOE |
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What is the Social-Cognitive term for the interacting influences of 1) behaviour 2) internal cognition 3) environment as proposed by Albert Bandura |
Reciprocal Determinism |
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Overestimating others' noting and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders |
Spotlight Effect |
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One's sense of competence and effectiveness - is a good predictor of school achievement |
Self-efficacy |
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A readiness to perceive ourselves favourably, and accept more responsibility for good deeds then bad - overestimating the self (prone to people with high self-esteem) |
Self-serving bias |
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Difference between Secure and Defensive Self-Esteem |
Defensive Self-Esteem - fragile, focuses on sustaining itself, criticism is threatening Secure Self-Esteem - Less contingent on external evaluations |
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The study of the subjective experience [Humanistic] |
Phenomenology |
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Attributing behaviour to a person's stable, enduring traits |
Dispositional Attribution |
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Attributing a person's behaviour to their situation |
Situational Attribution |
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We underestimate the impact of the situation, and overestimate the impact of personal disposition (even when told behaviour is entirely situational). |
Correspondence Bias (Fundamental Attribution Error) |
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When we evaluate our own behaviour, we take more _________ ___________ into account than if we were evaluating a stranger (except for admirable actions) |
Situational Attribution |
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What is the difference between Peripheral Route Persuasion and Central Route Persuasion |
Peripheral Route Persuasion - doesn't engage systematic thinking, uses uninformative cues Central Route Persuasion - evidence and arguments that aim to trigger favourable thoughts |
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Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, our actions (cognitive dissonance) and the actions of others (sfocial comparison theory), that predispose our reactions |
Attitudes |
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People who have first agreed to a smaller request are more likely to comply with a larger one |
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon |
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We act to reduce discomfort when our beliefs don't match our actions, by changing our beliefs (e.g. Stockholm Syndrome) |
Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
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What were the results of the Zimbardo Prison Experiment an example of? |
Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
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Person's desire to gain approval or avoid social isolation (sensitive to social norms) |
Normative Social Influence |
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Person's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality (want to be accurate) |
Informational Social Influence |
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What did Asch's Tests give an example of? |
Social Conformity (the chameleon effect) |
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What did Miligram's shock experiment give an example of? |
Obedience |
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When is Conformity highest? |
- you are made to feel incompetent -you are in a group of at least three people, all of whom agree - you admire/respect the group |
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When is Obedience highest? |
- the person giving the order was close at hand -person giving the order is perceived as an authority figure - authority figure is supported by a prestigious institution - victim was depersonalized or at a distance - there were no role models for defiance |
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Improved performance on a simple/well-learned task in the presence of others (however, an audience will decrease performance on difficult tasks) [Yerkes-Dodson Law] |
Social facilitation |
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Tendency for people in a group to exert less effort while pooling towards a common goal, than when alone |
Social loafing |
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Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint caused by the arousal and relative anonymity of group situations |
Deindividuation |
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Enhancing of group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group |
Group Polarization |
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Desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives |
Groupthink |
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Power of one or two people to sway majorities |
Minority Influence |
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What is Prejudice a mixture of? |
- Beliefs (stereotypes) - Emotions (hostility/fear) - Predispositions to action (to discriminate) |
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Calibrate evaluations to racial stereotypes, leading to less exacting standards and patronizing attitudes |
Unconscious Patronization |
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Tendency for people to believe that the world is just, and that people get what they deserve - rationalizes racial inequalities |
Just world phenomenon |
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Prejudice offers an outlet of anger by providing someone to blame |
Scapegoat theory |
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Members of another ethnic group often seem more alike then they actually are |
Outgroup homogeneity |
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Recall faces of one's own race more accurately then other races |
Other-race effect |
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the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present, due to diffusion of responsibility, pluralistic ignorance, and audience inhibition. |
Bystander Effect |
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Social behaviour is an exchange process, to maximize benefits and minimize costs |
Social exchange theory |
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Expectation that people will help those who have helped them |
Reciprocity Norm |
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Expectation that people will help those needing their help |
Social Responsibility Norm |
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Conflicting parties, by each pursuing self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behaviour |
Social Traps |
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Mutual views held by conflicting people, who see their view as ethical and the other's view as unethical (e.g. torture is more justified when it's done by our ingroup rather then an outgroup) |
Mirror-image perceptions |
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Shared goals that reduce prejudice by overriding differences among people and requiring intergroup cooperation |
Superordinate goals (Intergroup contact theory) |
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People who have a high degree of willingness to submit to authorities they perceive as established and legitimate, who adhere to societal conventions and norms, and who are hostile and punitive in their attitudes towards people who don't adhere to them. |
Right-wing Authoritarians |
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What is this depicting? |
Yerkes-Dodson law (social facilitation) |
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People evaluate their own opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others in order to reduce uncertainty, and learn how to define the self. (increases attitude polarization)
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Social Comparison Theory |
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People become more convinced of their views when they hear novel arguments in support of their position [Group polarization]. |
Informational Influence (persuasive arguments theory) |
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Negative evaluations of outgroups are realized by a persistent avoidance of interaction with other racial and ethnic groups. |
Aversive Racism |
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Ignoring social structured inequalities towards outgroups, and consequences of abject poverty |
Modern (Symbolic) Racism |
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Personality trait, whose members have a preference to social hierarchy, and the belief that some groups are naturally superior - big factor towards prejudice |
Social Dominance Orientation |
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Attitude that involves the amygdala - can be reduced with beta-blockers |
Prejudice |
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Intergroup hostility and prejudice can arise as a result of conflicting goals and competition over limited resources |
Realistic Conflict Theory |
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What theory did The Robbers Cave Experiment show? |
Realistic Conflict Theory |
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If you are accepting of one group, you are more likely to be accepting of others |
The Secondary Transfer Effect |
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Defence mechanism where people switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites [psychoanalysis] |
Reaction Formation |
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Defence mechanism where people defend themselves against their own unpleasant impulses by denying their existence while attributing them to others [psychoanalysis] |
Projection |
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Biological, psychological, and socio-cultural influences combine to produce psychological disorders |
Biopsychosocial approach |
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What are the dangers of labelling people with disorders? |
1) people may begin to act as they have been labelled 2) the labels can trigger assumptions and change our behaviour towards those we label |
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What therapy technique does Aaron Beck's reversal of patients catastophizing self-beliefs utilize? |
Cognitive Therapy |
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Disorder that is characterized by compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. Mostly affects Men |
Dependence Disorder |
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How do Antianxiety drugs (e.g. Xanax, Ativan) work? |
The drug increases the neurotransmitter GABA, which increases the negative (Cl-) charge in dendrites, and reduces the chance of an action potential |
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How do Antipsychotic drugs (e.g. Chlorpromazine) work? |
The drug occupies dopamine's receptor sites and blocks it's activity, making it harder for action potentials to occur at dendrites |
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How do Antidepressant drugs (e.g. Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil) work? |
The drug increases the levels of serotonin or norepinephrine by blocking reabsorption and removal of the neurotransmitter from synapses |
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How do Mood-Stabilizing Drugs (Lithium) work? |
Lithium occupies sodium channels, operating just like sodium, though not as well. |
