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203 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define rape.
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forced sexual intercourse in which the victim may either be male or female and the offender can be the same sex or a different sex
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What informative survey shows a more accurate picture of rape numbers than police reports? Why.
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The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS); because a lot of rapes go unreported (shame, fear)
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What is considered sexual assault?
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Any kind of unwanted sexual conduct
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What fraction of rapes/sexual assault go unreported in the US?
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2/3
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What is the UCR based on? What 3 types of rape does UCR define? Name if it is a part I or part II offense.
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Police Reports
Forcible rape (pI) Statutory rape (pII) rape by fraud (pII) |
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Define forcible rape. What gender do prosecutors specify they must be to file a complaint?
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The carnal knowledge (sexual knowledge) of a female forcibly and against her will
- Specifies female only - Almost all prosecutors say the victim has to be a female for them to file a complaint |
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___% reported rapes in the victimization surveys are men
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9
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Define statutory rape. What age difference usually constitutes this type of rape?
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The carnal knowledge of a girl with or without their consent
- The idea is that if someone is young and under the age of legal consent, the adult will still be held responsible for statutory rape even if she wants to have sex; 4 years |
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Define rape by fraud. What is it also known as? Give an example.
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When there is a sexual relationship and the female is consenting but is consenting to sex under fraudulent conditions; Subordinate Rape; The boss convinces the employee that sex is a necessary part of the job
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Why was the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)created?
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to improve upon the UCR data;
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What is the NIBRS more percise def of forcible rape?
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The carnal knowledge of a person forcibly or against that person’s will or both or not forcibly or against the person’s will but at a time during which the victim is incapable of giving consent because of his or her youth or because of her mental capacity
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What are 3 conditions that a rape victim can still claim rape under?
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1) drinking clouds mind
2) mental retardation 3) physical impairment |
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What % of rapes were committed by husbands or dates?
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40%
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In ___ out of 4 incidents the offender was NOT a stranger
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3
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T/F
Since 1980 date rape rates have been increasing. |
False; decreasing
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Rape makes up what % of our violent crime rate?
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6%
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What happened in the NY newsppr article "Confessions of a Date Rapist"?
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the articles author originally thought he only had sex with a lady he met at a bar but later decided she had not consented and he had raped her
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What % of rape victims are female? What % are male?
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91% female
9% male |
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Most rape victims are under what age? How does the victims race usually correspond with the attackers race?
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18; same race
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What method is used and considered force in a rape? What percent of rapes do NOT involve a weapon?
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alcohol and drugs; 85%
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In what 2 ways have rape shield laws helped rape victims?
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1) prevents court use of your sexual history
2) prevents revictimizing of the victim |
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What is one main reason why women do not report rape?
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the stigma of rape
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what % of men say it does not matter if a woman was raped in the past?
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30%
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Would a man more likely begin a relationship or continue a relationship with a woman who is raped?
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continue an already occuring relationship
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99 out of 100 rapists are what gender? ____ of 10 are white. What is the typical age of an offender?
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Male; 6; under 30 yrs old
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__% of perpetrators are strangers. Only ___% of murders involve rape or sexual assault.
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24-25%; 1.5%
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About what fraction of rapists admit that their act was premeditated? Is this number believed to be accurate?
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1/4; no it is believed to be higher
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What are 4 aspects of when rapes occur in general?
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1)summer months
2)bigger cities 3)when ppl are at home (after 6 pm) 4)at or close to victims home |
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What are the 8 factors that increase the likelihood that a person will committ rape?
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1)childhood trauma/abuse
2)drug/alcohol problems 3)insecure masculine identity 4)failure in past relationships 5)anxiety 6)don't read ppl well and can't adjust behavior 7)feeling alone/different 8)triggers in life |
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What are the 4 main causes of rape?
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1. Irresistible impulse
2. Mental illness or disease 3. Momentary loss of control 4. Victim instigation |
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Explain the risk factor "irresistible impulse" as a main cause of rape?
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Rapists often suffer from an irresistible impulse (a strong sex drive) that they lose control over these powerful urges
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Explain the risk factor "mental illness or disease" as a main cause of rape? Give ex.
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Rapists are usually suffering from something and in need of help; sex addiction
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Explain the risk factor "momentary loss of control" as a main cause of rape?
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Drugs and alcohol are so prevalent in rape situations. This combined with the sex drive causes inability to use judgment.
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Explain the risk factor "victim instigation" as a main cause of rape?
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There is an idea that in someway the victim led the offender on.
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Is there support for the validity of the 4 risk factors/main causes of rape?
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no
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What are 5 characteristics/beliefs "The Deniers" in the VA rapist study have?
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1)gave different accounts than victim and police reports
2)say the woman seduced them 3)believe woman enjoys it and they are fulfilling her innermost fantasies 4)"no" means "yes" 5)have a bad attitude toward women |
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What are 5 characteristics/beliefs "The Admitters" in the VA rapist study have?
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1)stories matched with victims
2)remorse/accountability for actions 3)influenced by drugs/ alcohol/or a sudden rush 4)blame on emotional problems 5)have a nice guy image of themselves |
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What are the 3 types of rape?
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Anger rape
Power rape Sadistic rape |
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What percent of rapes are anger rapes? What is the rapists mindset? What is their aim in the crime? Is there usually physical injury to victim?
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- 40%
- angry, depressed, not sexually aroused - Aim to humiliate or degrade their victims - Usually physical injury on victim |
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What percentage of rapes are power rapes? What is the aim of the crime? Usual reason for committing this type of rape. Is this rapist sexually gratified by the act? What type of physical damage is used?
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- 50%
- dominate in a sexual way - acting out to compensate for his feelings of incompetency - no sometimes face difficulty maintaining arousal - only enough to control the victim |
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What percent of rapes are sadistic rapes? Is there sexual arousal during this type of rape?
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- About 5% of rapes
- There is sexual arousal during the act of rape |
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What 2 things are intertwined for a sadistic rapist? Why is this unusual?
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- Sex and aggression become intertwined for this rapist (which is rare because most men do not become sexually aroused while watching aggressive scenes)
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What is MTC and what is its purpose?
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The Massachusetts Treatment Center; Aimed to give further detail to categories
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What are the 4 types of rapists according to the MTC?
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Displaced agression
Compensatory Sexual agressive/Sadistic Impulsive/Exploitative |
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What type of rapist is the displaced agression rapist similar to? What are 6 characteristics of the displaced agression rapist?
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Anger Rape
1)No sexual feelings 2)Violent/Aggressive attacks 3)Most victims are strangers 4)Married but neg attitude of women 5)Purpose is to hurt the victim and humiliate them 6)Resisting this offender will get the victim hurt even worse |
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What type of rape is compensatory rape similar to? Are they deniers or admitters? How do they feel women view men? Would resisting this type of rape be a good idea?
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Power Rape
- deniers - they want it; no means yes; want to be overpowered - yes because there is less physical force |
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What is sexual aggressive/sadistic rape similar to? What 2 things are intertwined in this type rape?
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sadistic; sex and aggression
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Should victims try to resist an impulsive/exploitative rapist? Why does this rape usually occur? Give an example.
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- Victims should try to resist this rapist
- Rapist takes advantage of opportunity - Ex: The robber who sees the woman home alone and decides to spontaneously take advantage of the opportunity |
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What are the 4 main motivations for rape according to the MTC:R3?
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1.Opportunity (impulsive or planned)
2.Pervasive anger (presence or absence) 3.Sexual gratification (sadistic or non; high or low social competence) 4.Vindictiveness (towards women in particular) |
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How are the attitudes and beliefs of rapists acquired according to theorists?
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the ideas are reinforced through socialization in the home or by peers or through the media
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What are the 4 main rape myths?
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- "No means yes"
- "Women love sexually forceful men" - "Nice girls don't get raped" - "It is impossible to rape an unwilling woman" |
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What does the Immaturity Hypothesis say about rapists level of sexual maturity? How was sex viewed in their earlier years? What was their relationship with pornography vs. non-rapists? Today, how is their relationship with pornography different than non-rapists?
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low sexual maturity; sexually repressed households; less experience with porno in early years vs. non-rapists; more prono viewing at an older age than non-rapists
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What movement was influential in chaning rape laws? New laws use ____ neutral terms. Who were the first 2 states to be progressive with rape laws?
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Women's movement; gender; Michigan and California
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Which type of rapists should you resist?
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Compensatory or power rape and Impulsive/Exploitative
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Which type of rapists should you NOT resist?
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Displaced aggression or anger rape and sexual aggressive/sadistic
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What are the 2 focuses of rape treatment programs?
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1) teach social skills
2) change deviant sexual interests |
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How does a treatment program try to change deviant sexual interests?
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try to transfer sexual arousal to appropriate scenes
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What percent of rapists will be re-arrested for another rape after release from confinement?
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8%
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Define Pedophilia.
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intense sexual fantasies and behaviors (reoccurring for at least 6 months or longer) that involve having sexual activity with a prepubescent child (kids who are 13 or younger)
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How is a hebephile different from a pedophile?
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sexual arousal to child between the ages of 13-15
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What fraction of female perpetrators say they were molested as a child? male?
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-1/4 to 1/3 of females will report they were molested as a child
-1/10 of males will report they were molested as a child |
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about ___% of incestuous abuses and ___% extra familial (outside the family) are reported to police.
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2%; 6%
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Characteristics of a pedophile offender: What typically is the gender? How do they feel the victim views the situation? What usually is their vicinity to the victim? Do they usually take responsibility for their actions?
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Male; think they are a willing participant; usually live in same house or know each other; no they usually blame alcohol, etc.
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What percent of pedophilia is heterosexual? Homosexual?
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75%; 20-25%
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When a female victim is asked, ___% say the perpetrator was a female.
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13%
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When a male victim is asked, ___% say the perpetrator was a male.
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25%
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What are the 4 classifications of pedophiles according to the MTC?
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1)fixated or immature
2)regressed 3)exploitative 4)aggressive/sadistic |
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fixated or immature pedophile:
typical offender give example |
- man with preference exclusively for children (both sexually and socially)
- Micheal Jackson |
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regressed pedophile:
their main problem typical victim usually caused by |
- masculine inadequency and need to prove themselves
- female stranger - stressful life event |
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exploitative pedophile:
criminal/social history feelings/purpose of victim explain their use of force |
- hot temper, social misconduct, violent acts
- don't care about victim's emotions; to satisfy their sexual needs - use of physical force bc kids are weak and easily exploited |
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aggressive/sadistic pedophile:
sexual preference typical victim fate history |
- homosexual
- abducted and murdered - antisocial personality; violent past |
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MTC:CM3 factors that further classify pedophiles
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- degree of fixation
- level of social competence - amount of contact w/ children |
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What happened in the film “Capturing the Freedman’s”?
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documentary of man being accused for molestation of kids he tutored
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2 main explanations for why someone becomes a pedophile.
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1) immaturity
2) inadequate masculine identity |
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How do children make men more comfortable with their masculine identity?
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Women are able to judge the man’s body, sexual experience, etc… Children are unable to do that because they’ve had no experience.
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Emotional congruence theories suggests what about pedophiles?
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pedophiles can be seen as having arrested emotional development and are immature, almost like children. There is an emotional congruence between the adult and the child and they feel more comfortable with children
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sexual arousal theories suggest what about pedophiles?
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Pedophiles almost always begin to fantasize about children because the children are pleasing and they’ve never had any anxiety because of children. They are often unable to become sexually aroused with women because it often makes them anxious.
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What is economic crime? Who is the victim? What are the perpetrators' mindset?
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fraud and embezzlement, robbery; victim is not often identifiable. The perpetrator feels like they are above the law, and don’t realize physical and psychological harm they are doing
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Define robbery.
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The taking, or attempted taking of anything of value from a person by force or threat of force
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Typical robbery offender. What % are black?
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Male, under 25; 50%
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Typical robbery victim. Is there a higher probability that the victim is a stranger or known to the offender?
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similar to the offenders; stranger
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Is there a high or low level of physical harm in robberies? What fraction of robberies result in injury? death?
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high level of physical harm; 1/3; 1/10
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Weapons are used in 50% of what type of robberies? give an example.
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personal; mugging
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What is the motivation for weapon use in robberies? Is it a good idea to resist a robber? Why?
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to protect themselves and get what they want; no, because robbers are violent.
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Why is robbery considered a economic crime and not a violent one dispite the high level of physical harm?
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because the primary motivation is to get the money/object and they just don't mind hurting someone to retrieve it
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2 main explanations for robbers actions:
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1) live in subculture who want immediate gratification and don't see the praise in an honest day's work
2)raised in a fearful and violent environment |
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differential opportunity theory; give an example
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raised with lots of opportunities to get everything you want vs those who are raised where you don’t really have that option, or skills (like communication, dressing up for job interview).
ex: A black father said their kids were not tall enough to play basketball, and they can’t rap, how are they going to get out of their town? |
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Gill 200 (340 robber interviews):
What was their primary motivation? What did they claim was their reason for the last robbery they committed? |
obtain money for personal gain; unemployment
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What are 2 reasons outside of money for personal gain that Gill's study showed?
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excitement/thrill and needing money for drugs
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How do robbers feel about the threat of prison?
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-they only thought about getting caught after it happened if at all.
-more organized and professional, they were smarter and therefore they would get away with it. |
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Define Burglary.
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The unlawful entry of a structure, with or without force, with intent to commit a felony or theft.
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What is the typical plan out for a burglary?
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Return to same place to burglarize. Check out 2 or 3 places and decide the day of the burglary which is best. Know when ppl will be gone.
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When are residential properties usually burglarized? commerical properties?
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-during the daytime
-weekends or evening |
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Why is summer a high time for burglary?
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vacations and people leaving their windows open
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What age is a typical burlarer?
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usually 25 or younger
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What percentage of burglary offenders are male? white? What are common in burglaries to calm the burglarer before they committ the crime?
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85-90%
75% drug/alcohol |
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Bennett and Wright interview of burglarers found most were planned..how do they dispute the validity of this?
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researchers said they were just reconstructing the crime in their head, so they might not have really all planned it
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What are Occupancy cues? Give some examples.
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indicate whether you are at home, on vacation, etc.
ex: car in driveway for a long time; newsppr and mail pileup |
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Define rational reconstruction
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the realistic accounts of the burglary were actually different from the ones they told during the interview process
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What are the gender ratios of shoplifters male to female? What might this be due to?
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50/50; more men shopping these days
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Typical age of shoplifter. 2 other age groups who often offend and why.
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under 25
-elderly: needed the item and they are on a fixed income and no longer work; or the attitude of “they wouldn’t let me return the item” etc. b/c not understanding rules -middle income/middle aged females: most don’t need the items and are doing it more to suit psychological needs (lonely, depressed, marital problems) |
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What does the Invariance hypothesis claim?
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that crime decreases with age
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3 aspects of a Booster shoplifter
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1) professional
2) know the store, have items to help them shoplift, come in with group of ppl 3) steal for monetary value; don’t care what the item is |
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3 aspects of a Snitch shoplifter
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1) say store owes them for some reasons
2) unprofessional 3) see an item they want and steal it |
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What percent of shoplifters are considered "amateurs"? What do they normally steal? When do they steal? How did they feel after being caught?
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-56%
-small personal items -stole when opportunity presented itself -knew it was immoral/ expressed remorse |
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What percent of shoplifters are considered "impulse offenders"? When do they steal? Are they likely to reoffend?
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-15%
-somebody who goes in store with intention of shopping and sees item and it looks too easy so they steal i -consider low risk offenders for future crimes |
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What percent of shoplifters are considered "ocassional offenders"? When do they shoplift? Why do they shoplift? Are they likely to reoffend?
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-15%
-less impulsive; a little more planned out because they tended to shoplift on occasion -more for the thrill and excitement of stealing -considered low risk offenders for future crimes |
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define Kleptomania. How do psychologists feel about this disorder?
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-addicted to stealing
-most psychologist deny this disorder or in very rare cases |
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___% of total crime is larceny theft
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60%
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What technique is popular with jewelry thiefs? How do stores prevent the "grab and run" technique?
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palm and switch method
they don't put valuable merchandise near the doorways |
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How do booster items (box, bloomers, purse) help burglars? How would they hurt them if they got caught?
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-A hole in the bottom makes it easy to pick up items
-obvious intent to steal leads to increase to felony charge |
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What are some other popular techniques used by shoplifters?
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ticket switching
fraudulent returns |
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What 3 things do correctional psychologist do?
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1) diagnose and classify offenders
2)rehabilitate 3)research and evaluate |
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What type of degree must a correctional psychologist have?
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doctorate
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When asked what they do during a typical day, correctional psychologists answered 4 things in order:
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administrative tasks, treatment, assessment, and a little research
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What is the most commonly treated disorder in prisons? what is a far second?
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depression; anger
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What purpose do jails hold? ___% are serving a sentence while ___% are awaiting trial.
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hold ppl for short sentences (up to a year) or until their trial; 50%; 50%
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How long do community-based corrections centers hold individuals? How much freedom do the inmates get? What type of criminals do they house?
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less than a day; leave during day to work, etc. and return to sleep; people who are not violent offenders and are less likely to flee
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Who operates prisons? How long do they hold people for? What are the levels of security? What are the most expensive levels of security?
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-most operated by state or gov’t
-hold people for long sentences (1 year +) -different levels of security (low, medium, high, maximum, super maximum) -cost a lot more to have high/maximum security prisons |
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What percent of people incarcerated are men? black? black men ages 20-39?
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93%
50% 25% |
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___% have been incarcerated before. What fraction were women? men?b
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64%
2/3 3/4 |
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of ppl incarcerated, they are incarcerated 50/50 for what 2 reasons?
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violating parole
committing a new crime |
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about ___% of inmates are in prison for drug related offenses
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60%
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What is the idea of Incapacitation? What is the problem with this idea?
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thinking that if the inmate is off the street than crime rates should decrease; most inmates get out and they actually pick up skills in jail
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Most offenders committ about ___ serious crimes per year.
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3
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8-10% of the criminal population are considered what type of offenders? How many serious crimes do they usually committ per year?
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frequent offenders; 60
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___% of the total crime is committed by a small percentage of the criminal population, __-__%.
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50; 8-10%
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What is the pro of rehabilitation?
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everybody is going to get out anyways so you should try to provide them with a job, etc. to reduce recidivism
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What is the con of rehabilitation?
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even best programs don’t help people; money gets pulled from funding these programs because they are seen as ineffective
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What is the idea of punishment/retribution? How does US compare to other countries on this idea?
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-it doesn’t matter how they come out of prison they just deserve the time they were punished for because of what they did
-US is most harsh on this subject |
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Define deterrence
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Whether or not fear of imprisonment effects behavior and decision not to offend
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What is specific deterrence?
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you yourself would have to spend night in jail and jail is deterrent to not do it again
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What is general deterrence?
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learn that you wouldn’t want to be in jail through other people’s experiences and what you’ve heard
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Which affects someone more severity or certainty?
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severity does not affect someone as much as the certainty
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curvilinear pattern effect of imprisonment
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the most psychological symptoms are seen when the first come into jail (scared, missed family, strict schedule, etc) and usually tapers off throughout sentence and right before they are about to be released you see a reoccurrence in their psychological symptoms (where am I going to work, live, etc.)
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What is the problem with US prison overcrowding?
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-leads to physical illness, disruptive behavior, and emotional distress
-this presents financial burdens because you have to treat all of this (more staff, more security, etc.) |
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What are 2 aspects of differential treatment that might make it more effective?
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-tailor treatments to individual
-long term |
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What is Multisystemic Therapy? What offender typical requires this type of therapy?
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-have to bring family in, involve school and community
-most drug related juvenile therapy requires this type of therapy |
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What is the first step in behavior therapy?
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determining target behaviors and the conditions they occur in through observation and interviews
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In behavior therapy, what is a two-fold plan?
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1)the bond between the target behavior and environmental event must be weakened
2)more desirable behavior must be produced through reinforcement |
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4 advantages of behavior therapy:
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-effective in changing/developing specific behaviors
-minimal training required for implementer bc its a simplistic method -economical/less expensive -quantifies observable behaviors |
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What 3 things are required in behavior therapy for a successful result?
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1)sophistication of therapist
2)stringent environmental control 3)high degree of involvement/committment from patient |
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What are 2 weaknesses/negatives of behavior therapy?
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1)lack of demonstrated generalizability to the natural environment outside the prison
2)possibly violation of inmates rights |
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What are the short-term effets of behavior therapy?
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-controls institutional behavior
-promotes the acquisition of specific social and academic skills |
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When behavior therapy and social cognitive therapy are combined, how does it effect the patient/inmate?
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effective in inhbiting or even reducing criminal behavior in the natural environment
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How is the cognitive therapy's approach to defining criminal behavior different from others?
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Not only is the behavior a result of social environment or external reinforcement, but it is also motivated and regulated by personally adopted beliefs, values, and expectations.
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How do cognitive behavior therapies change behavior?
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rely on changing individual behavioral patters by changing the person's thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes.
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Who created reality therapy? Where were the basic principals for the therapy developed? What is the major focus of reality therapy?
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William Glasser; Ventura School for Girls; focus attention on the irresponsible nature of crime and delinquency, rather than viewing them as the result of some psychological sickness or disorder.
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Name 3 more important forerunners to cognitive behavior therapy and their founders.
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1) personal construct (Kelly)
2) rational-emotive (Ellis) 3) cognitive (Beck) |
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What is the basic idea of the constructive approach?
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cognitive structures are not static but rather dynamic systems of transformation.
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according to the constructive approach, how is a criminals world belief system and why is it like this?
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more static; they are usually cut off from environment and social activity that makes their cognitions more dynamic...often very caught up in their version of the world and won't change it
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What are 2 problems with cognitive behavior theorapy?
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1) too much reliance on self-reported changes
2) possible wrong information from police files on recidivism rates |
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What are 2 things that will better the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy?
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1)more personally tailored treatment
2)a better understanding of the relationships among the vast amount of systems that affect criminal behavior |
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How does the social systems theory build on the fact that the cognitive behavior therapy needs to understand all the systems in a criminals life?
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Need to focus not only on the offenders themselves but their families, peers, schools, communities, etc. all in relationship to one another
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Adolescent males committ what % of all rapes and what % of all child molestations?
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20-30%
40-50% |
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What is the typicsal victim of preadolescent sexual assult offenders?
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ages 4-7
female siblings, friends, or acquaintances |
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Define instrumental sexual aggression
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when the sexual offnder uses just enough coercion to gain compliance from his victim
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Define expressive sexual aggresion
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the offender's primary aim is to harm the victim physically as well as psychologically
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What percentage of women report lifetime sexual assualt? Men?
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16.7
9.4 |
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What did the Vilent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 form the basis for?
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the U.S. Department of Justice's strategy for dealing with violent offenders
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What are the 3 laws the us congress passed that collectively rerquire states to strengthen the procedures they use to keep track of sex offenders?
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1) The Jacob Wetterling Crimes against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act
2) federal verision of Megan's Law 3) the Pam Lychner Sexual Offender Tracking and Identification Act |
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Jacob Wetterling Act
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encourages states to require convicted child molesters and sexually violent offenders to notify law enforcement of their whereabouts for 10 years after they are released from prison, parole, or community supervision.
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Megan's Law and how it differs from Wetterling Act
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requires states to release registration info to the public when it is necessary for public safety; specifies that local communities be notified upon release of sexual offender.
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What notifications must officials do in the case of a level 1, 2, or 3 offender?
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Level 1: members of the community are told if asked
Level 2: only certain agencies (schools, daycare, etc) Level 3: notify community at large |
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What did the Lychner Act amend? What does the law require?
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the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994; FBI has to establish a national offender database and to handle sex offender registration and notification in states unable to maintain minimally sufficient programs on their own
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What is VAWA? What 2 main issues does it deal with? What is an example of soemthing the VAWA has accomplished?
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Violence Against Women Act; domestic violence and sexual assault; extend rape shield laws to previous sexual history use in court
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What are 2 additional federal initiatiives that expanded the scope of the Ciolent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994?
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1) child sex tourism offense
2) child pornography prevention act |
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In a general survey, ___% of victims identified their husbands as the offender, ___% said it was a male friend; This means over ___% of rapes are committed by husbands or dates
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24; 17; 40
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What are the 4 threshold criteris for filing a complaint of forcible rape required by most prosecutors?
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1)evidence of penetration
2)lack of victim consent 3)threat of force 4)female gender of the victim |
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an estimated _____ forcible rapes were reported to law enforcement agencies nationwide in 2004.
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94,635
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Only about ___ out of every ___ forcible or attempted rapes were reported to law enforcement agencies.
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one out of every four
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There is a ___ in ___ chance that a woman will be raped at some time during her lifetime.
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1 in 5
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The increase in rape reporting in 1992 may be attributed to what 4 factors?
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1) higher community awareness
2) women's movement 3) increased law inforcement training and sensitivity 4) gathering of legal evidence less stressful for the victim |
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___% of forcible rapes occurred when the victim was less than 11
11-17 years? 18-24 years? 25-29 years? 29+ years? |
29%
32% 22% 7% 6% |
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___% of rapists were strangers. ___% were husbands/exhusbands. ___% were boyfriends/exboyfriends. ___% were relatives. ___% were nonrealtives (friends, neighbors)
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24.4%
21.9% 19.5% 9.8% 14.6% |
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weapons are used in ___ percent of reported assualts.
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25%
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what fraction of rape victims sustain injury serious enough to warrant medical attention?
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1/4
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___% of rape victims receive serious, lasting injuries. ___% receive minor injuries. ___% receive cuts/bruises.
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5; 39; 23
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___% of convicted rapists were arrested for a new sexy crime within 6 mnths of release; ___% within 5 years.
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1.3%; 5%
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Rapists have a ___ recidivism rate for sexual offense but a very ___ rate for offenses in general.
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low; high
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What is RP for rape offenders?
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Relapse Prevention: a treatment regiment that shows considerable promise in the reduction of sexual offending
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just world hypothesis
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the belief that bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people
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What are 2 things an offender needs to demonstrate to be considered a sexual aggressive rapist?
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1) a level of aggression or violence that clearly exceeds the necessary ro force comliance of the victim
2) the explicit, unambiguous evidence that aggression is sexually exciting |
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What are the 2 things an offender needs to demonstrate to be considered an impulsive/exploitative rapist?
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1) callous indifference to the welfare and comfort of victim
2) the presence of no more force than is necessary to gain the compliance |
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What are the 4 basic strategies of resistance to rape?
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1) forceful physical resistance
2) forceful verbal resistance 3) nonforcebul physical resistance 4) nonforceful verbal resistance |
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Give examples for forceful physical resistance. How does it effect possibility of sexual abuse and risk of being physically injured?
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ex: hitting, kicking, biting, using a weapon
-reduces possibility of rape but increases risk for physical injury |
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Give examples for forceful verbal resistance. How does it effect possibility of sexual abuse and risk of being physically injured?
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ex: screaming for help or threatening attacker
-reduces possibility of rape and no obvious research on risk for physical injury |
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Give examples for nonforceful physical resistance. How does it effect possibility of sexual abuse and risk of being physically injured?
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ex: trying to flee, shielding oneself
-reduces possibility of rape but has no effect on risk for physical injury |
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Give examples for nonforceful verbal resistance. How does it effect possibility of sexual abuse and risk of being physically injured?
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ex: pleading, crying
-leads to increased possiblity of rape and has no effect in reducing risk of physical injury |
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What is the most common intrafamilial child molestation?
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father to daughter or step daughter
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Define paraphilia.
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Sexual disorders in which sexual arousal occur almost exclusively in the presence of inappropriate object or individuals.
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What type of crimes as a group have the lowest rates of reporting of all crimes?
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sex
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It is estimated that ___to___% of the male population has engaged or will engage in child sexual abuse at some time in their lives.
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5-10%
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Aproximately 60 percent of those convicted of child molestation have attacked victims less than the age of ___years.
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13
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Reports on incarcerated pedophiles found which type of pedophile to have more victims? homosexual or heterosexual? give numbers.
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homosexual 31
heterosexual 62 |
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The form of sexual contact of pedophiles to victim depend on what 3 factors?
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1) the degree to which the offender had previous nonsexual interactions w kids
2) the nature of the relationship between the child and offender 3) the age of each |
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_____ is the symptom most commonly reported among adults who were molseted as children.
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depression
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According to Groth, the greatest trauma occurs if what 4 factors are present in the pedophilic act?
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1)over how long they are victimized
2)type of sexual abuse 3)if the offender is a close relative 4)if abuse is accompanied by aggression |
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According to Browne and Finkelhor, the greatest trauma occurs if what 3 factors are present in the pedophilic act? What 2 things do they disagree with Groth on?
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1) the younger the child
2)the closer the relationship to the offender 3)the greater the force used 1)how long/frequent they victim is abused 2)type of sexual abuse |
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What are the 2 types of offenders who seek more extensive involvement with children beyond their sexual offenses?
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1) interpersonal offender (type 1)
2) narcissistic offender (type 2) |
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What are the 2 types of offenders who seek low-contact with children only in the context of sexual assault?
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1) exploitative/nonsadistics offender (type 3)
2) muted or symbolic sadistic offender (type 4) |
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What are the 2 types of offenders that often administer a high amount of physical injury to their victims?
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1) aggressive, nonsadistic offender (type 5)
2) sadistic offender (type 6) |
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___ to ___% of child molestation offenses are committed by adolescents.
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30-50
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