Psychology Final

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The scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied by the presence of others

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Social Psychology

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real or plied influence of others

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Social Influence

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Indirect social pressure

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Conformity

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Invulnerability, pressure, and time, group cohesiveness

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Group think

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How do you avoid group think?

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1. strong, impractical leader

2. secret voting

3. seek outside opinions

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Positive group behavior

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social facilitation

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Negative group behavior

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Social impairment

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changing your behavior due to a direct request

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Compliance

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small request to a larger request

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foot in the door

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larger request first, then smaller

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door in the face

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one commitment is made, that cost goes up

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lowball technique

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the persuader then adds something extra to make the offer look better

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that's-not-all technique

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changing your behavior due to a direct request from an authority figure

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Obedience

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the mental processes that people use to make sense of the social world around them

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social cognition

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cognitive bias of first impressions

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primary effect

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cognitive bias of more recent impressions

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recency effect

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a tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain person, object, idea, or situation

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attitude

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direct contact, instruction or interaction with other people who hold a certain attitude

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attitude formation

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watching the actions and reactions of others to ideas, people, objects, and situations

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vicarious conditioning

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negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group

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prejudice

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treating people differently because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong

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discrimination

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the formation of a person's identity within a particular social group

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social identity theory

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the process by which one person tries to change the attitude

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persuasion

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add details and information

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Central

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Pay attention to things outside of the message

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peripheral

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sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person's behavior does not correspond to that person's attitude

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cognitive dissonance

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the process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others

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attributions

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situational cause: cause of behavior attributed to external factors

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attribution theory

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cause of behavior attributed to internal factors

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dispositional cause

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the tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors in determining behavior while underestimating situational factors

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Fundamental Attribution Error

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behavior intended to hurt or destroy another person

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aggression

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characterized by diminished awareness of self and individuality

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deindividuation

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key factors of deindividuation

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1. anonymity

2. altered consciousness

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the pattern of behavior that is expected of a person who is in a particular social position

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social role

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likelihood of a bystander to help someone in trouble decreases ad the number of bystanders increase

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bystander effect

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a person fails to take responsibility because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility

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diffusion of responsibility

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socially desirable behavior that benefits others

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prosocial behavior

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done with no expectation of reward and may involve the risk of harm to oneself

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altruism

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the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel and behave

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personality

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value judgments of a person's moral and ethical behavior

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character

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the enduring characteristics with which each person is born

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temperament

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the unconscious mind

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psychoanalytic

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effects of environment on behaior

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behavioristic

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role of person's conscious life experiences

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humanistic

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concerned with end result, characteristics themselves

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trait perspective

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genetic basis of personality

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behavioral genetics

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freud was the founder of this movement; the couch; sexual repression

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psychoanalytic

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part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious

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id

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the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences

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pleasure principle

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part of the personality that develops out of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result

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reality principle

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part of the personality that acts as a moral center

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superego

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part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not math the ego ideal

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conscience

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more researched focus

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psychodynamic

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define personalities as a set of learned responses or habits; reinforcement and punishment

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behaviorism

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emphasize the importance of both the influences of other's behavior and of a person's own expectancies on learning

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social cognitive

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enviornment, personal characteristics and behavior can interact to determine future behavior.

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Reciprocal determinism

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an individual's perception of how efficient a behavior will be in any particular circumstance

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self-efficacy

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focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human; subjective feelings, freedom of choice

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humanistic perspective

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the striving to fullfill one's innate capacities and capabilities

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self-actualizing

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the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one's life

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self-concept

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one's perception of actual characteristics, traits and abilities

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real self

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oe's perception of whom one should be or would like to be

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ideal self

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endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior

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trait theories

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a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving

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trait

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a field of study the relationship between heredity and personality

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behavioral genetics

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method of personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured or unstructured fashion

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interview

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tendency of an interview to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements

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halo effect

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personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind

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projective tests

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projective test that uses ten inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli

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rorschach inkblot test

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projective test that uses twenty pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli

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thematic apperception test

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concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person's perception and may influenced by biases, prejudice, and personal experiences

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subjective

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assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting

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direct observation

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assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale

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rating scale

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assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted

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frequency count

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paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test

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personality inventory

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based on the five-factorial model

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NEO-PI

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based on Jung's theory of personality types

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Myers-Briggs type indicator

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designed to detect abnormal personality

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MMPI-2

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level of the mind in which information is available but not currently conscious

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preconscious mind

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level of the mind that is aware of immediate surrondings and perceptions

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conscious mind

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level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories and other info that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness are kept

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unconscious mind

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unconscious distortions of a person's perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety

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psychological defense

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developed the theory of a collective unconscious

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Carl Jung

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proposed feelings of inferiority as the driving force behind personality and developed birth order theory

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Alfred Adler

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developed the theory based on basic anxiety and rejected the concept of penis envy

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Karen Horney

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anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults

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basic anxiety

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maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships on Horney's theory

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neurotic personalities

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developed a theory based on social rather than sexual relationships, covering the entire life span

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Erik Erikson

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learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imiatation of models

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social cognitive view

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viewed personality as a relatively stable set of potential responses to various situations

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Julian Rotter

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the tendency for people to assume that they do or do not have control in their lives

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locus of control

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warmth, affection, love and respect that come from significant others in one's life

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positive regard

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positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached

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unconditional positive regard

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positive regard that is given only when a person is doing what providers of positive regard wish

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conditional positive regard

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aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person

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surface traits

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the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality

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source traits

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the study of abnormal behavior

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psychopathology

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changes in the chemical or structural systems of the body

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biological model

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disorders in which the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness

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anxiety disorder

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an irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity

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Phobia

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fear of objects or specific situations or events

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specific phobia

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sudden onset of intense panic

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panic attack

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intruding, recurring thoughts or obsessions create anxxiety

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obsessive compulsive disorder

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results from exposure to a major stressor

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post traumatic stress disorder

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disorders in which there is a break in conscious awareness, memory, the sense of indentity, or some combiniation

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dissociative disorder

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loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete

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dissociative amnesia and fugue

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disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body

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dissociative identity disorder

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severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior and hallucinations

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schizophrenia

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false beleifs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness

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delusions

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false sensory perceptions

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hallucinations

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disorder in which a person has no morals or consceince and often behaves in an impulsive manner without regard for the consequences of that behavior

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antisocial personality disorder

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maladaptive personality pattern in which the person is moody and unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others

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borderline personality disorder

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consider frequently occuring behavior as normal

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statistical definition

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going against the norm

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social norm deviance

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the social or enviormental setting of a person's behavior

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situational context

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emotional distress or emotional pain

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subjective discomfort

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the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place

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cultural relativity

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disorders found only in particular cultures

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culture bound syndrome

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severe swings from depression to mania

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bipolar

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link depression to helplessness

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behaviorists

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theories see depression as the result or distorted illogical thinking

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cognitive

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explanations of mood disorders look at the function of serotonin systems in the brain

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biologival explanations

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explanations suggest familial inheritance

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genetic

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a mood disorder caused by the body's reaction to low levels of sunlight in the winter months

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seasonal affective disorder

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a condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent or more below the ideal body weight occurs

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anorexia

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a condition in which a person develops a cycle of binging or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and then using unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain

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bulimia

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the person suffers from delusions or persecution, grandeur, and jealously together with hallucinations

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paranoid

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behavior is bizarre and childish and thinking, speech, and motor actions are vey disordered

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disorganized

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the person experiences periods of statue-like immobility mixed with occuasional bursts of energetic, frantic movement and talking

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catatonic