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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Emotional Intelligence |
- set of abilities that are key to competent social functioning - motivate oneself and persist in the face of frustration, control impulses and delay gratification - predicts how well people do in life in some cases even more predictive than IQ |
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Emotion |
- characterized by 1.physiological responses (heart/breath rate, hormone levels etc.) 2.subjective feelings 3. cognitions related to those feelings 4. the desire to take action |
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Discrete emotions theory |
each emotion is innately packaged with a specific set of physiological, bodily, and facial reactions and that distinct emotions are evident from very early in life |
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Functionalist approach |
basic function of emotions is to promote action toward achieving a goal in a given context |
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Dynamic-systems theory |
- emotional reactions develop differently for each person, based on an individuals emotion-related biology and cognitive capacities, his or her experiences, and how these factors tend to coalesce across time in an increasingly coherent and predictable manner |
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In the first weeks of life, infants smiles are caused by... |
internal factors and are not social |
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Social smiles |
- smiles directed at people - emerge as early as 6 to 7 weeks of age |
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True or False: When infants are at least 2 months of age, they also show happiness in both social and nonsocial contexts in which they can control a particular event |
True |
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Describe infants reactions in these two groups. One group to hear music whenever they pulled the string and for infants in the other group to hear music at random intervals. |
Infants who "caused" the music to play by pulling on the string showed more interest and smiling when the music came on than did the infants whose string pulling had no connection to the musics being played |
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When do infants start to smile primarily at familiar people rather than at people in general? |
7 months |
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True or False: During the second year of life, children start to clown around themselves and are delighted when they can make other people laugh |
True |
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The first negative emotion that is discernible in newborn infants is ________________ |
distress, which can be evoked by a variety of experiences ranging from hunger and pain to overstimulation |
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True or False: At 4 months of age, infants do seem wary of unfamiliar objects and events. Then at around age of 6 or 7 months, initial signs of fear begin to appear, most notably the fear of strangers in many circumstances. |
True |
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In general, the fear of strangers intensifies and lasts until about age ____ |
2 |
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Separation anxiety |
distress due to separation from the parent that is the child's primary caregiver |
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True or False: Infants show much less distress when they crawl or walk away from a parent than when the parent does the departing. |
True |
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Child's fear of visual cliff, jack-in-the box, and loud noises peaks around age ____________ |
13-18 months |
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Children display the most anger at home during the _____ year of life. Displays of anger drop sharply thereafter, especially for girls. |
2nd |
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Self conscious emotions |
-emotions that relate to our sense of self and our consciousness of others' reactions to us - embarrassment, pride, guilt, and shame |
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True or False: At about 15 to 24 months of age, some children start to show embarrassment when they are made the center of attention. Asked to show off an ability or a new piece of clothing, for example, they lower their eyes, hang their head, blush, or hide their face in their hands. |
True |
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Guilt |
associated with empathy for others and involves feelings of remorse and regret about one's behavior |
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Shame |
focus is on themselves; they feel exposed, and they often feel like hiding |
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Studies of North American children have found that they are more likely to experience ________ if, when they have done something wrong, their parents emphasize the "badness" of the behavior |
Guilt |
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True or False: Among the traditional Zuni Indians, standing out from others is discouraged. As a result Zuni children who achieve an individual success, such as doing better than peers on a project are likely to feel embarrassment or shame. |
True |
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The negative shift in average emotions of puberty generally appears to end by grade ____, and older adolescents also experience less emotional liability than do young adolescents |
10 |
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When do rates of clinical depression increase? |
early adolescence and increase dramatically at age 15 to 18, especially for girls |
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Major depression |
characterized by depressed mood most of the time; marked diminished interest or pleasure in almost all activities; significant weight loss; etc. |
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Why are teenage females more likely to experience depression? |
- role of hormones and heredity - concerns about ones body and appearance - early puberty, which represents a clear risk for depression |
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True or False: Hispanic children reported more symptoms of depression than do Euro-Americans or African American youth |
True |
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True or False: Chinese adolescents tend to experience depressive symptoms more than do their U.S. counterparts |
True |
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Depression is likely due to a combination of _______________ and ______________________ |
personal vulnerability and external stressful factors |
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Most common treatment for depression in youth is..... |
drug therapy (antidepressants) |
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Emotional Self-regulation |
complex process that involves initiating, inhibiting, or modulating internal feeling states and related physiological processes, cognitions, and behaviors |
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By age _____, infants show the first signs of emotional self regualtion |
6 months |
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Self-soothe |
engage in repetitive rubbing or stroking of heir body or clothing or distract themselves by looking specifically at neutral or positive persons or objects rather than at what has upset them |
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How do young children regulate their negative emotions? How do older children? |
- younger= using behavioral strategies (distracting themselves with play) - older= use cognitive strategies to adjust to emotionally difficult situations |
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Social competence |
set of skills that help individuals achieve their personal goals in social interactions while maintaining positive relationships with others |
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True or False: Environmental stressors, including factors as diverse as negative parenting and instability in an adopted child's placement are related to problems children may have with self-regulation and the expression of emotion |
True |
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Temperament |
- individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self regulation - temperament characteristics demonstrate consistency across situations as well as relative stability over time |
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What can affect infants and young children's temperament? |
- nutritional deficiencies or exposure to cocaine during prenatal period as well as a premature birth - sustained elevations of cortisol due to maternal insensitivity or child abuse during the early years of life |
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Easy babies |
adjusted readily to new situations, quickly established daily routines such as sleeping and eating, and generally were cheerful in mood and easy to calm |
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Difficult babies |
- slow to adjust to new experiences, tended to react negatively and intensely to novel stimuli and events and were irregular in their daily routines and bodily functions |
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Slow-to-warm up babies |
somewhat difficult at first but became easier over time as they had repeated contact with new objects, people, and situations |
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What percentage of babies were easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm up? |
- 40% easy -10% difficult -15% slow to warm up -rest did not fit into one of these categories |
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Infant temperament is captured by six dimensions. What are they? |
1. Fearful distress/inhibition 2. Irritable distress 3. Attention span and persistence 4. Activity level 5. Positive affect/approach 6. Rhythmicity |
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True or False: Children who are high in the ability to focus attention in the preschool years are high in the ability at age 11 to 12 and through adolescence |
True |
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What is the key advantage and disadvantage of laboratory observational data? |
- advantage= less likely to be biased than is an adults personal view of the child - disadvantage= children's behavior usually is observed in only a limited set of circumstances |
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High reactive and low reactive temperament children exhibit differences in the variability of their heart rate which is measured by what? |
vagal tone - how effectively the vagus nerve modulates heart rate in accordance with breathing -low vagal tone= react negatively and inhibited in response to novel situations -high vagal tone= exhibit positive emotions and few negative reactions |
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Vagal supression |
-higher physiological arousla that can be used to deal with the situation at hand - high vagal suppression/vagal tone= less likely to have problem behaviors |
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Activation of _____ frontal lobe of the cortex has been associated with approach behavior, positive affect, exploration, and sociability. |
left |
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In contrast, activation of ______ frontal lobe has been linked to withdrawal, a state of uncertainty, fear, and anxiety |
right |
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People with _______ levels of cortisol exhibit extremely fearful reactions and temperamental negative emotionality |
high |
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Behavoral Inhibition |
tendency to be high in fearful distress and restrained when dealing with novel or stressful situations |
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how well their temperament fits with the particular environment they are in |
Goodness of fit |
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True or False: Children with difficult temperaments have better adjustment if they receive parenting that is supportive and consistent rather than punitive, rejecting, or inconsistent |
True |
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True or False: Children prone to negative emotions such as anger are more likely to have behavioral problems such as aggression if exposed to hostile parenting or low levels of positive parenting |
True |
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Personality |
has its roots in temperament but is shaped by interactions with social and physical world |
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Socialization |
Parents socialize their children's emotional development through 1. expression of emotion with their children and other people 2. their reactions to their children's expression of emotion 3. discussions they have with their children about emotion and emotional regulation |
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Which influences the role in children's emotional and social development: heredity or the kinds of emotions children see and experience at home? |
Both |
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True or False: Infants in a Ngandu community fuss and cry more than infants in an Aka community do because Aka are hunter who have infants almost always within reach of someone who can feed or hold them when the need arises whereas the Ngandu are farmers and their infants are left alone more often |
True |
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True or False: American mothers appear to be more likely than Japanese mothers to encourage their caldrons emotional expressiveness in situations such as these |
True |
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True or False: The Tamang parents are responsive to the distress of infants, however they ignore or scold children older than age 2 when those children express anger, and they seldom offer explanations or support to reduce children's anger |
True |
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Social Referencing |
use of a parents or other adults facial expression or vocal cues to decide how deal with novel, ambiguous, or possibly threatening situations |
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True or False: 12 month olds tend to stay near their mother when she showed fear, move toward the novel person or object if she expresses positive emotion; and to move partway toward the person or object if she shows no emotion |
True |
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At around age ____ children begin to understand emotional ambivalence and realize that people can have mixed feelings about events, others,and themselves |
10 |
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Display rules |
social groups informal norms about when, where, and how much one should show emotions and when and where displays of emotion should be suppressed or masked |
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True or False: Infants can detect differences in different emotional expressions such as happiness and surprise by 4 to 7 months of age, but it is not until they are about 7 months of age that they start to treat others' emotional expressions as meaningful |
True |
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Children's knowledge of how and when to control emotional displays increased between 1st and ____ grade and then leveled off |
5th |
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True or False: Elementary school girls in the US are more likley than their male counterparts to feel that openly expressing emotions such as pain is acceptable. |
True |
