Psychology Exam 1

Front 1

What is Psychology?

Back 1

-scientific study of behavior & mental processes
-interested in human thought/behavior

Front 2

What did Wilhem Wundt established?

Back 2

-established 1st psychological lab in Germany
-focus on consciousness: awareness of self/thoughts

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What concept did B. Titchener approach?

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structuralism- focuses structure of mental processes

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What was William James' approach?

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functionalism—focuses on function of mental processes

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What is Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory?

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psychoanalysis- unconscious mind drive behavior (unawareness)

Front 6

What is John B. Watson's theory?

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Behaviorism- observable and measurable behavior

Front 7

What did B.F. skinner support?

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operant conditioning – outcome of behavior dictates action

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What is Cognitive Psychology?

Back 8

mental processes can and should be studied scientifically

Front 9

What was Max Wertheimer's theory in Gestalt psychology?

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to see situations as a whole

Front 10

Gestalt psychology is ____________.

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-proposed perception depends on human tendency to see patterns
-to distinguish objects from backgrounds
- complete pictures from few clues

Front 11

What is evolutionary psychology?

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it focuses on functions & adaptive value of human behaviors & evolution of behaviors
-predisposed to think/act in certain ways

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What is the sociocultural approach?

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-emphasizes the importance of diversity and important ways in which culture, gender, race, and ethnicity can affect virtually all aspects of human behavior
-how components affect behavior

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What is the humanistic approach?

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it focuses on meaning, values, and ethics, emphasizes the goal of reaching one's full potential
-emphasizes human potential

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What is Carl Rogers' contribution to humanistic approach?

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significantly affected the study of personality & practice of psychotherapy

Front 15

What is positive psychology?

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focuses on mental wellness/happiness and understanding human strengths/virtues

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Who is Mary Calkins?

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a woman of psych, analyzed how people learn verbal material

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Who is Margaret Washburn?

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woman of psych, pioneers research examining role of imagery in thought processes

Front 18

How many women have been awarded baccalaureate degrees in psychology?

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three-fourths of baccalaureate degrees

Front 19

What is developmental psychology?

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how people change as they get older

Front 20

What is physiological psychology?

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relationship between physiological & relationships
-expl: effects of alcohol, stress/anxiety--> immune goes down

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What is experimental psychology?

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conducts experiments on basic psychological processes
expl: memory, motivation

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What does counseling help with?

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help individual in everyday occurrences

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What is social psychology?

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how people influence another
expl: attraction, conformity

Front 24

What is industrial/organizational psychology?

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relationship between people and work environment
expl: work/ job satisfaction

Front 25

What are the enduring issues in psychology?

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person-situation: internal vs. internal
nature-nurture: genes vs. environment
stability-change: same vs. change
diversity-universality: single path vs. several paths
mind-body: experience vs. biological processes

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theory

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ideas to explain behavior

Front 27

hypothesis

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theoretical predictions

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sample

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subset of target population

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random sampling

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equal chance of being selected

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representative sample

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characteristics mirror large population

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naturalistic observation

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observe people in natural environment
strength- naturally occurring behavior
weakness- observer influence, observer bias

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case study

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study one person
strength: detailed info
weaknesses: non-representative sample, time consuming & expensive, observer bias

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survey

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strength: gather data quickly & inexpensively
weaknesses: inaccurate responses, non-representative sample, question construction

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correlational research

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find relationship between 2 or more variables
strengths: basis for prediction
weakness: no cause-effect

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experimental methods

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researcher introduces change in participants' environment & measures effect
expl: listen to various music when studying

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independent variable (IV)

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manipulated by researcher
expl: type of music

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dependent variable (DV)

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outcome variable
expl: grade received/ test performance

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experimental group

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exposed to change in IV

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control group

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able to manipulate
not exposed to change in IV
strength: cause-effect
weaknesses: generalization to real world, confounding variable, experimenter bias

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APA codes

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American Psychology Association

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ethics: protection

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-protection from physical and/or psychological harm

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ethics: informed consent

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agreement to participate

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confidentiality

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info. not made publicly available to harm or embarrass

Front 44

psychobiology

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biological bases of behavior/mental processes

Front 45

neurons

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vary in size & shape
specialized to receive & transmit info

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dendrites

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receive info from neurons

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axon

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sends message

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myelin

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provide insulation/ increase speed of impulse

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terminal buttons

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release neurotransmitters into synaptic spaces

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glial cells

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support cells: support, provide nutrition, remove waste, make myelin

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types of neurons:

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interneurons
sensory neurons
motor neurons

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interneurons

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neuron to neuron

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sensory neurons

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sense organs to spinal cord and brain

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motor neurons

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spinal cord and brain to muscles and glands

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neural plasticity

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flexibility of brain- brain has the ability to be changed by experience

Front 56

What are the 2 parts of the nervous system?

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1) central nervous system (CNS)
2) peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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central nervous system (CNS)

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brain and spinal cord

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peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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links to all body parts to CNS
has 2 parts

Front 59

what are the 2 parts of PNS?

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1) somatic: voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
2) autonomic: regulates body
2 parts

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what are the 2 systems of autonomic part?

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1) sympathetic: prepares body for action
2) parasympathetic: calms after arousal

Front 61

what are the 3 regions of the brain?

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1) hindbrain
2) midbrain
3) forebrain

Front 62

what are the parts of the hindbrain?

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1) medulla: regulates vegetative functions
2) pons: sleeping, waking, dreaming
cerebellum-regulates balance & movement (10% of brain's volume)`

Front 63

what are the parts of the midbrain/ limbic system?

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1) amygdala- emotional reactions to stimuli
2) hippocampus- new memory storage

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what are the parts of the forebrain?

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1) thalamus- switchboard for cortex
2) hypothalamus- species survival (fighting, fleeing, feeding) & regulates body temp
3) corpus callosum- connects 2 cerebral hemispheres (communicate), bundles of nerve fibers
4) cerebral cortex
4) cerebral cortex

Front 65

what is the cerebral cortex?

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-covers 2 cerebral hemispheres
-thought, language, reason
-frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes

Front 66

what are the functions of the frontal lobes?

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voluntary movement, attention, goal-directed behavior

Front 67

what are the functions of the parietal lobe?

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sensation of touch, voluntary movement, spatial abilities

Front 68

what are the functions of the temporal lobe?

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process info. for hearing, smell, balance in equilibrium (cerebellum), language

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what are the functions of the occipital lobe?

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receives & processes visual info (sight)

Front 70

what is split-brain research?

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look it up

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what is the EEG (electroencephalogram)?

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detects electrical activity in brain

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what is the microelectrode?

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monitor electrical activity of single neuron

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what is the CAT/CT scan (computerized axial tomography)?

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X-rays that produce images of brain

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what is the MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)?

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produces images of inner regions of brain, don't use x-rays

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what is PET (positron-emission tomography)?

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reveals activity in parts of brain

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what is fMRI (functional MRI)- both structure & brain activity

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both structure & brain activity

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what are genes?

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basic units containing instructions

Front 78

what are the chromosomes (23 pairs)?

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elongated, threadlike structures

Front 79

what are autosomes?

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the first 22 pairs of chromosomes
23rd pair is the sex chromosome

Front 80

what are the DNA?

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molecule containing chemical instructions

Front 81

dominant vs. recessive genes

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i already know

Front 82

codominance

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dominating gences??

Front 83

polygenic inheritance

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expl: height, weight

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sex-linked inheritance

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blah

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genotype

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genes

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phenotype

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observable characteristics