Abnormal Psychology, Exam #1

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Psychopathology

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the symptoms and signs of mental illness, including such phenomena as depressed mood, panic attacks, and bizarre beliefs

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Abnormal Psychology

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application of psychological science to the study of mental disorders

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Psychosis

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refers to several types of severe mental disorder in which the person is considered to be out of contact with reality

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Syndrome

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a group of symptoms that appear together and are assumed to represent a specific type of disorder

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Harmful Dysfunction

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Jerome Wakefield
1) The condition results from the inability of some internal mechanism to perform its natural function
2) The condition causes some harm to the person as judged by the standards of that person’s culture

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Culture

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defined in terms of values, beliefs, and practices shared by a specific community of group of people

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Incidence

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number of new cases of a disorder that appear in a population during a specific period of time

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Prevalence

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the total number of active cases, both old and new, that are present in a population during a specific period of time

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Co-morbidity

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the presence of more than one condition within the same period of time

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Disease Burden

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(Epidemiologists) mortality and disability

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Paradigm

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a set of shared assumptions that includes both the substance of a theory and beliefs about how scientists should collect data and test the theory

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Biopsychosocial model

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an integrated method of explaining mental disorders.

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Psychoanalytic Theory

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based around the idea that many memories, motivations, and protective psychological processes are unconscious

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Id

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present at birth and houses biological drives such as hunger as well as SEX and AGGRESSION

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Ego

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the part of the personality that must deal with the realities of the world as it attempts to fulfill the id impulses as well as perform other functions

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Defense Mechanisms

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unconscious self-deceptions that reduce conscious anxiety by distorting anxiety-producing memories, emotions, and impulses
Denial
Displacement
Projection
Rationalization
Reaction formation: converting a painful feeling to its exact opposite
Repression
Sublimation: diverting id impulses into constructive outlets

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Hindbrain

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Medulla: heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, etc.
Pons: sleep regulation
Cerebellum: coordination of physical movement

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Midbrain

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some motor activity, especially relating to sex or fighting

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Forebrain

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sensory, emotional, and cognitive processes

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Limbic system

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connects all sections of the brain; regulates emotion and basic learning processes

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Hypothalamus

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controls basic biological urges (eating, drinking, and sexual activity)

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Ventricles

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the brain has 4 connected chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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Psychophysiology

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the study of changes in the functioning of the body that result from psychological experiences

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Somatic Nervous System

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governs muscle control (voluntary)

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Autonomic Nervous System

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regulates functions of organs (involuntary)

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Temperament

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characteristic styles of relating with the world
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

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Erikson's Stages

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Basic Trust v. Basic Mistrust (0-2)
Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt (1-3)
Industry v. Inferiority (2-6)
Identity v. Role Confusion (5-12)
Intimacy v. Role Confusion (11-20)
Intimacy v. Self-absorption (18-30)
Generativity v. Stagnation (25-70)
Integrity v. Despair (65 and on)

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Categorical Approach to Classification

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A difference of kind not ammount

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Dimensional Approach to Classification

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describes the objects of classification in terms of continuous dimensions

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Etiological Validity

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factors that contribute to the onset of the disorder (consistent?)

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Concurrent Validity

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concerned with the present time and with correlations b/w the disorder and other symptoms, circumstance, and test procedures

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Predictive Validity

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concerned with the future and stability of the problem over time

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Culture-bound syndromes

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Patterns of erratic or unusual thinking and behavior that have been identified in diverse societies around the world and do not fit easily into the other diagnositc categories that are listed in the main body of the DSM-IV-TR

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Kappa

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Indicates the proportion of aggreement b/w clinicians, indicating what proportion of agreement is above and beyond chance

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Reliability

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consistency of measurements

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Validity

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the meaning or importance of a measurement

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Etiological validity

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concerne with factors that contribute to the onset of the disorder

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Concurrent validity

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concerned with the present time and with correlations between the disorder and other symptoms, circumstances and test procedures

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Predictive validity

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concerned with the future and with the stability of the problem over time

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Psychiatry

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branch of medicine that is concerned with the study and treatment of mental disorders

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CLinical psychology

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concerned with the application of psychological science to the assessment and treatment of mental disorders

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Social Work

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concerned with helping people to achieve an effective level of psychosocial functioning

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Psychotherapy

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the use of psychological techniques and the therapist-client relationship to produce emotional, cognitivem and behavior change

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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Inducing seizure by passing electricity through the brain

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Psychosurgery

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surgical destruction of specific regions of the brain

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Psychopharmacology

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the study of the use of medications to treat psychological disturbances

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Psychotropic medications

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chemical substances that affect psycholocial state

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Insight

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bringing formerly unconscious material into conscious awareness

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Interpretation

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analyst suggests hidden meanings to patients' accounts of their past and present life

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Transference

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patients transfer their feelings about some key figure in their life onto the shadowy figure of the analyst

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Psychodynamic psychotherapy

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often includes more engaged and directive therapists and briefer treatment time

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Behaviorism

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the view that appropriate focus of psychological study is observable behavior, not unobservable cognitive or emotional states

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Systematic desensitization

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a technique for eliminating fears that has 3 key elements:
1)relaxation using progressive muscle relaxations
2)construction of a hierarchy of fears
3)learning process (pair responses)

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Aversion therapy

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the use of classical conditioning to create an unpleasant response

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Contingency management

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operant conditioning technique that directly changes rewards and punishments for indientified behaviors

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Token Economy

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desired and undesired behaviors are clearly identified, contingencies are defined, behavior is carefully monitored, and rewards or punishments are given according to the rules

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Social Skills Training

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teaching clients new ways of behaving that are both desireable and likey to be rewarded in everyday life

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Cognitive therapy

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the belief that disorders are caused by flaws in thinking (BECK)

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Rational-emotive therapy (RET)

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enotional disorders are caused by irrational beliefs; impossiility of such must be pointed out (ELlis)

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Humanistic psychotherapy

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people are able to make choices and determine their future; each of us are responsible for finding meaning in our lives

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Self-disclosure

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intentionally revealing aspects of the therapist's own similar feelings and experiences

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Therapeutic alliance

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a therapist's caring, concern, and respect for the individual

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Placebo effect

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the powerful healing produced by apparently inert treatments

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Psychotherapy process research

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what aspects of the therapist-client relationship predict better outcome

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Primary prevention

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tries to improve the environment in order to prevent new cases of a mental disorder from developing

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Secondary prevention

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focuses on the early detection of emotional problems in the hope of preventing them from becoming a serious threat or difficult to treat

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Tertiary prevention

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Occurs after the illness has been identified

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Types of Assessment Procedures

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Interviews,
Observational procedures,
Personality tests and self-report inventories,
Projective personality tests

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Reactivity

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people alter their behavior, either intentionally or unintentionally, when they know that they are being observed

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Actuarial interpretation

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analysis of a specific test on the basis of an explicit set of rules that are derived from empircial analysis

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Case study

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an in-depth look at the symptoms and circumstances surrounding one person's mental disturbance

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AXIS I

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Clinical Syndromes; diagnostic label for the patient's most serious psych problems for which diagnosis is made

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AXIS II

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Personality Disorders or Mental Retardation; any long-term disorder not covered in Axis I

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AXIS III

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General Medical Disorders (which might have relevance to psychological problem)

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AXIS IV

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Psychosocial and Environmental Problems; current social, occupational, environmental, or other problems contributing or resulting from psychological problems

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AXIS V

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Global Assessment of Functioning; how a person has dealt with a disorder in the past year

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Wakefield's Harmful Dysfunction Concept

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1) results from dysfunction concept
2) causes harm to a person

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DSM-IV-TR Definitions for Psychopathology

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1) Present distress
2) Disability (impairment in 1 or more important areas)
3) Signif risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or important loss of freedom

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Internal Consistency

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Do different parts of the test yield the same results?

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Test-retest Reliabilty

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Does the test yield the same results when administered to the same person at different times?

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Interjudge Reliability

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Does the test yield the same results when scored or interpreted by different judges?

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Content Validity

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the extent to which the test elicits a range of responses over the range of skills, understanding, or behavior the test measures

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Face Validity

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If it looks like a measure of skill or knowledge that it's suppose to measure

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Criterion-related Validity

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Depends upon relating test scores to performance on some relevant criterion or set of criteria

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Concurrent Validity

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Criterion available at the time of testing confirms results

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Predictive Validity

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Criterion not available at the time of testing but which measures scores in the future is anticipated by the test

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Construct Validity

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The extent to which a test measures the construct it claims to measure

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Automatic Thoughts

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Beck--> I am worthless, Everyone hates me, etc.

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Arbitary Inference

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Drawing unwarrented conclusions on the basis of little or no evidence

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Selective Abstraction

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Drawing conclusions on the basis of a single piece of data while ignoring contradictory data

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Overgeneralization

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Drawing a general conclusion on the basis of a single, sometimes insignificant, event

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Magnification or Minimization

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Overestimating the importance of (-) events and/or underestimating the imp. of (+) events

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Personalization

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Taking the blame for something that is clearly not one's fault

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Positive Reinforcement

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"Stamping in" any behavior by using a desired reinforcer as a reward

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Negative Reinforcement

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"Stamping in" any behavior by removing an aversive stimulus when behavior occurs (alarm in morning)

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Punishment

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Aversive stimulus given as a result of an undesired behavior in an attempt to suppress that behavior in the future

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Extinction

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Suppressing behavior by removing reinforcers

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In Vivo Systematic Desensitvation

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Gradual exposure to feared stimulus while maintaining a relaxed state

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Flooding S.D.

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Full intensity while preventing avoidance until conditioned response is extinguished

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Aversive Therapy

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Strategy to decrease negative effect of stimulus (feel sick when drinking)

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

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Physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem, cognitive, aesthetic, and self actualization

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Client Centered Therapy

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Unconditioned (+) regard, warmth and empathy, open therapist, non-directive

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Five Classes of Psychotropic Drugs

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Antianxiety, antipsychotic, antimanic, sedative, and antidepressant