Psychology 100 Exam 1

Front 1

who said " the naked intellect is an extraordinarily inaccurate instrument"
(aka our intuition can lead us astray)

Back 1

madeleine d'engle

Front 2

what is the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

(also known as the "i knew it all along phenomenom."

Back 2

hindsight bias

Hint 2

"i knew it all along phenomenom."

Front 3

what describes what has happened more easily than it predicts what will happen?

Back 3

common sense

Front 4

who reportedly said, "prediction is very difficult, especially about the future?"

Back 4

physicist Neils Bohr

Front 5

what two things limit our everyday thinking?

Back 5

our common sense and our tendency to be overconfident

Front 6

hindsight makes things so obvious that people tend to get ...

Back 6

overconfident

Front 7

what leads us to overestimate our intuition?

Back 7

overconfidence and hindsightbias

Front 8

underlying all science is what?

Back 8

curiosity

Front 9

what is a passion to explore and understand without misleading or being misled?

Back 9

curiosity

Front 10

putting a scientific attitude into practice requires what two things?

Back 10

skepticism and humility

Front 11

what is thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions? rather it examines assumptions, discerns, hidden values, and evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions.

Back 11

critical thinking

Hint 11

aka "smart thinking"

Front 12

what do you call the explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts?

Back 12

a theory

Front 13

what is a a testable prediction that is often implied by a theory?

Back 13

a hypothesis

Front 14

what do you call a statement of the procedures that are used to define research variables?

ex: human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures.

Back 14

operational definition

Front 15

what is repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

Back 15

replicate

Front 16

what organizes observations and imply predictive?

Back 16

psychological theories

Front 17

what is the oldest research method?

Back 17

case studies

Front 18

what is it when psychologists study one individual in great depth int he hope of revealing things true of us all

Back 18

a case study

Front 19

what is a disadvantage to using case studies?

Back 19

the person under study could be atypical/bias

Front 20

what looks at many cases in less depth compared to a case study?

Back 20

a survey

Front 21

what do you call the technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, like a random sample of them?

Back 21

a survey

Front 22

does wording affect the opinions that the respondents express?

Back 22

yes it does

ex: people like hearing "aid to the needy" vs. "welfare"

Front 23

what do you call the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors?

Back 23

false consensus effect

Front 24

what are all the cases, in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study? (aka the whole group you want to study and describe)

Back 24

a population

Front 25

what is a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion?

Back 25

random sample

Front 26

what are the disadvantages of using the survey method?

Back 26

your wording and your choice of respondents.

Front 27

what do you call observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation?

Back 27

naturalistic observation

Front 28

naturalistic observation does not explain behavior, it ....

Back 28

describes behavior

Front 29

when we laugh, how many muscles contort our mouth and squeeze our eyes?

Back 29

seventeen

Front 30

describe advantages of case studies

Back 30

they describe behaviors and can suggest hypotheses but studying an unrepresentative individual may lead to false conclusions

Front 31

name the advantages and disadvantages of using surveys to study behavior and mental processes

Back 31

the survey can describe the behavior from information from the large number of people but this technique relies on people giving accurate self-reports of their attitudes and behavior... trusting issue

Front 32

explain the importance of wording effects and random sampling

Back 32

wording or phrasing affects responses. random sampling helps researchers achieve a sample that fairly represents the population under study because of randomosity.

Front 33

what is an advantage of naturalistic observation to study behavior

Back 33

it can expand our understanding and lead to hypotheses that can be then studied

Front 34

what do you call it when one trait or behavior accompanies one another?

Back 34

they correlate

Front 35

define correlation

Back 35

the measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

Front 36

"when we believe there is a relationship between two things, we are likely to notice and recall instances that confirm our belief" is an example of what?

Back 36

illusionary correlation

Front 37

what do you call it when you have a perception of a relationship where none actually exists

Back 37

illusionary correlation

Front 38

describe how people form illusory correlations

Back 38

illusory correlations are random events that we notice and falsely assume are related.

they arise from our sensitivity to dramatic or unusual events.

Front 39

explain the human tendency to perceive order in random sequences

Back 39

we search for patterns in an attempt to make sense of the world around us. patterns occur naturally in sets of random data

Front 40

what is a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors(variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental processes.

Back 40

experiments

they enable a researcher to focus on the possible effects of one or more factors:
-manipulating the factors of interest
-holding constant other factors

Front 41

what is the difference between correlational studies vs. an experiment?

Back 41

correlational studies uncover naturally occurring relationships, and experiments manipulates a factor to determine its effect

Front 42

give an example of a double blind procedure

Back 42

the pepsi taste test....

consumers that prefer pepsi may change their mind when they are blindfolded or not told what brand they are drinking... coke vs. pepsi

Front 43

what is the experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about what the research participants were given... even a placebo

Back 43

double blind procedure

Front 44

what do you call it when just believing you are getting a treatment can boost your spirits, relax your body, and relieve your symptoms?

Back 44

the placebo effect

Front 45

what is latin for "i shall please?"

Back 45

placebo

Front 46

what do you call it when the experimental results are caused by expectations only?

Back 46

placebo effect

Front 47

what is the condition in which the experiment exposes participants to a version of the independent variable?

Back 47

the experimental condition

Front 48

what do you call the condition that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves for evaluating the effect of the treatment?

Back 48

the control condition

Front 49

what is the difference between the independent and dependent variable?

Back 49

the factor that is manipulated is the independent variable

Front 50

which variable is the factor that is manipulated?

Back 50

the independent variable

Front 51

what discovers cause/effect relationships?

Back 51

experiments

Front 52

explain the importance of statistical principles?

Back 52

they help us organize, summarize, and make inferences from data.

Front 53

how can bar graphs misrepresent data?

Back 53

scale labels and ranges used in bar graphs can be designed to minimize or maximize differences.

Front 54

what are the three measures of central tendency?

Back 54

mode, median, and the mean.

Front 55

what are the two measures of variations?

Back 55

range and standard deviation

Front 56

what describes the gap between the highest and lowest scores?

Back 56

range

Front 57

every non-genetic influence from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

Back 57

environment

Front 58

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

Back 58

behavior genetics

Front 59

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Back 59

chromosomes

Front 60

a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

Back 60

deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA)

Front 61

the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes, a segment of dna capable of synthesizing a protein

Back 61

genes

Front 62

what are the building blocks of our physical development?

Back 62

protein

Front 63

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organisms chromosomes.

Back 63

genome

Front 64

twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms

Back 64

identical twins

Front 65

twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal development

Back 65

fraternal twins

Front 66

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Back 66

temperament

Front 67

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to the differing genes.
*The heritability of a trait may very, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

Back 67

heritability

Front 68

how are we different and similar within our human families?

Back 68

we differ from them in personality, interests, physical appearances, and language with culture.

we are similar in our biological heritage and needs, the senses with which we explore the world around us, and our social behaviors.

Front 69

how many chromosomes are there in each of our cells?

Back 69

46

23 from our mother and 23 from our father

Front 70

in what ways do behavior geneticists use adoption studies to understand the effects of environment and heredity?

Back 70

adopted children carry the genetic inheritance from their biological parents into an environment created by their adopted families.

Front 71

what do we mean by genes are self-regulating?

Back 71

they are not blueprints, they react different in different environments

Front 72

thos studies the molecular structure and function of genes in search of those that influence behaviors?

Back 72

molecular geneticists

Hint 72

genetics

Front 73

what is the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

Back 73

evolutionary psychology

Front 74

what is the principle that, among among th range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

Back 74

natural selection

Front 75

what do you call a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

Back 75

a mutation

Front 76

who noted that more men than women desire multiplw sexual partners, butt he things men and women seek in a mate are remarkably similar?

Back 76

Lynn Carol Miller

Front 77

what is the difference between nature vs. nurture?

Back 77

Plato: nature is all that a man brings with him into the world

Aristotle: nurture is every influence that affects him after his birth

Front 78

what is the zygote?

Back 78

conception to 2 wks

a rapid cell division occurs and develops into the embryo

Front 79

what is the embryo?

Back 79

2 wks through 8 wks

Front 80

what is the fetus?

Back 80

9 wks to birth

Front 81

what are agents, that can reach the embryo and fetus during prenatal development and can cause harm?

Back 81

teratogens

Front 82

what do you call a baby's tendency when touched on the cheek, they turn towards the touch and open their mouth and search for a nipple?

Back 82

rooting reflex

Front 83

what do you call an individual's characteristic pattern on thinking, feeling, and acting?

Back 83

personality

Front 84

what is the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by distorting reality?

Back 84

defense mechanisms