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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sulcus/sulci
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grooves in the brain
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gyrus
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bump in the brain
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Types of Neurons
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1 unipolar
2 bipolar 3 multipolar 4 multipolar interneuron |
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PNS=Peripheral Nervous System
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contains the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System = all nerves outside the skull and spine
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SNS = Somatic Nervous System
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*the part of the pns that interacts with the external environment
*it is composed of afferent nerves that carry sensory signals from the skin/muscles/joints/eyes/etc to the CNS *and efferent nerves that carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles |
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ANS = Autonomic Nervous System
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*the part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the body's internal environment
*contains afferent nerves that carry sensory signals from organs to the CNS *and efferent nerves that carry motor signals from the CNS to organs |
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Sympathetic Nerves
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autonomic motor nerves that project from the CNS in the lumbar and thoracic regions of the spinal cord
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Parasympathetic Nerves
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autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord
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Meninges
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three protective membranes that encase the brain
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Dura Mater
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the outer tough protective layer of the meninges
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Arachnoid Membrane
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immediately inside the dura mater, spiderweblike membrane
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Subarachnoid Space
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space beneath the arachnoid membrane which contains many large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid
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Pia Mater
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(pious mother)
the inner most layer of the meninges delicate layer that adheres to the surface of the CNS |
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CSF=Cerebrospinal Fluid
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fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the crebral ventricles of the brain
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Central Canal
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small central channel that runs the length of the spinal cord
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Cerebral Ventricles
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four large internal chambers of the brain: the two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle
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Cell Body (nervous system)
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the metabolic center of the neuron, also called the soma
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Myelin
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The fatty insulation around many axons
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Dendrites
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the short processes emanating from the cell body, which receive most of the synaptic contacts from other neurons
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Axon hillock
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the cone-shaped region at the junction between the axon and the cell body
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Axon
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the long, narrow process that projects from the cell body
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Nodes of Ranvier
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the gaps between sections of myelin
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Buttons
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the buttonlike endings of the axon branches, which release chemicals into synapses
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Synapses
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the gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted
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Endoplasimic Reticulum
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A system of folded membranes in the cell body, rough portions play a role in the synthesis of proteins, smooth portions play a role in the synthesis of fats
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Cytoplasm
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the clear internal fluid of the cell
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Ribosomes
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internal cellular structures on which proteins are synthesized: they are located on the endoplasmic reticulum
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Golgi Complex
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a system of membranes that packages molecules in vesicles
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Mitochondria
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sites of aerobic (oxygen-consuming) energy release
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Microtublules
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tubules responsible for the rapid transport of material throughout neurons
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Synaptic Vesicles
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spherical membrane packages that store neurotransmitter molecules ready for release near synapses
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Neurotransmitters
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molecules that are released from active neurons and influence the activity of other cells
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Multipolar Neuron
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a neuron with more than two processes extending from its cell body
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Unipolar Neuron
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a neuron with one process extending from its cell body
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Bipolar Neuron
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a neuron with two processes extending from its cell body
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Interneurons
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neurons with short axons or no axon at all
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Glial cells
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several classes of nonneural cells of the nervous system that outnumber neurons by 10 to 1
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Oligodendrocytes
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glial cells with extensions that wrap around the axons of some neurons of the central nervous system; rich in myelin, and the myelin sheaths that they form increase the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction; provides several myelin segments, often on more than one axon
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Schwann cells
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glial cells in the peripheral nervous system; constitutes one myelin segment; guide axonal regeneration after damage
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Microglia
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smaller than other glia
they respond to injury or disease by multiplying, engulfing cellular debris, and triggering inflammatory responses |
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Astrocytes
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the largest glial cells
star shaped the extensions of some astrocytes cover the outer surfaces of blood vessels that course through the brain, they also make contact with neuron cell bodies also plays a role in allowing the passage of some chemicals from the blood into CNS neurons and in blocking other chemicals |
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Anterior
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toward the nose end
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Posterior
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toward the tail end
also referred to as caudal |
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Dorsal
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toward the surface of the back or the top of the head
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Ventral
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toward the surface of the chest or the bottom of the head
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Medial
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toward the midline of the body
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Lateral
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away from the midline toward the body's lateral surfaces
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Superior
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the top of the primate head
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Inferior
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the bottom of the primate head
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Proximal
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"close"
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Distal
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"far"
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Gray matter
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composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons
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White Matter
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composed largely of myelinated axons
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Dorsal Horns
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the two dorsal arms of the spinal gray matter
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Ventral Horns
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the two ventral arms of the spinal gray matter
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Forebrain
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contains the telencephalon and the diencephalon
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Midbrain
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contains the mesencephalon
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Hindbrain
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contains the metencephalon and the myelencephalon
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Myelencephalon
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the most posterior division of the brain
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Reticular Formation
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a complex network of about 100 tiny nuclei that occupies the central core of the brain stem
it has a "netlike" appearance |
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Metencephalon
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these structures create a bulge, called the Pons, on the brain stem's ventral surface, and the Cerebellum on the brain stem's dorsal surface
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Cerebellum
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the large convoluted structure on the brain stem's dorsal surface
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Mesencephalon
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contains two divisions: the tectum and the tegmentum
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Tectum
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the dorsal surface of the midbrain...composed of two pairs of bumps (the colliculi)
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Tegmentum
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the division of the mesencephalon ventral to the tectum
it contains three colorful structures--the periaqueductal gray, the substantia nigra, and the red nucleus |
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Diencephalon
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composed of two structures, the thalamus and the hypothalamus
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Thalamus
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the large, two-lobed structure that constitutes the top of the brain stem
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Hypothalamus
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located just below the anterior thalamus, plays a major role in several motivational behaviors
it releases hormones through the pituitary gland |
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Telencephalon
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the largest division of the human brain, mediates the brain's most complex functions
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Cerebral Cortex
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layer of tissue covering the cerebral hemispheres, in humans it is deeply convoluted
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Fissures
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large furrows in a convoluted cortex
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Limbic System
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a circuit of midline structures that circle the thalamus, involved in the regulation of motivated behavior
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Ion Channels
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specialized pores in the neuron cell membrane through which ions can pass; some are chemical-gate and some are voltage-gated
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Signal Proteins
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proteins that snake back and forth through the cell membrane seven times and conduct signals into the neuron when their associated receptors are activated
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G-protein
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A protein molecule that is activated inside a neuron when a neurotransmitter molecule binds to the receptor on its associated signal protein
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Ionotropic receptors
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receptors that are associated with ion channels when activated, they typically induce rapid, brief signals in the neuron by opening or closing the ion channel
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Metabotropic Receptors
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receptors that are associated with signal proteins and G-proteins; when activated, they typically induce slow, long-lasting changes in the neuron by changing its internal chemistry
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Microglia
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small glial cells; their function is phangocytosis(consuming microorganisms and cellular debris)
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Macroglia
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large glial cells such as oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells and astrocytes
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Brain Stem
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the central neural stem on which the two cerebral hemispheres sit
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Telencephalon
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the cerebral hemispheres; one of the two divisions of the forebrain
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Diencephalon
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the region of the brain between the telencephalon and the mesencephalon; one of the two divisions of the forrebrain; the most anterior region of the brain stem
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Mesencephalon
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the midbrain; the region of the brain stem between the diencephalon and the metencephalon
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Metencephalon
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the region of the brain stem between the mesencephalon and the myelencephalon; one of the two divisions of the hindbrain
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Myelencephalon
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the most posterior region of the brain; the area of the brain stem between the metencephalon and the spinal cord: one of the two divisions of the hindbrain
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Subarachnoid space
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the space between the main part of the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater; it contains cerebrospinal fluid, the web-like processes of the arachnoid layer, and many blood vessels
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Central Canal
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the crebrospinal-fluid-filled internal space that runs the length of the spinal cord
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Lateral Ventricles
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the ventricles of the left and right cerebral hemispheres; they are the largest of the four cerebral ventricles
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Third Ventricle
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the cerebral ventricle of the diencephalon; it is a vertical sheet-shaped chamber that lies along the midline
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Fourth Ventricle
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the cerebral ventricle of the metencephalon; it connects the cerebral aqueduct and the central canal
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Cerebral Aqueduct
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the narrow channel that connects the third and fourth ventricles; most of it is located in the mesencephalon
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Central Fissures
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the long, deep fissures on the lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres, one on each side, they run from the longitudinal fissure down to the lateral fissure
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Lateral Fissures
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the long, deep fissures that run roughly horizontally on the lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres, one on each side
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Cerebral Cortex
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the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres; it is largely composed of gray matter
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Frontal Lobes
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the two regions of the cerebral hemispheres, one in each hemisphere, that are anterior to the central fissures
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Parietal Lobes
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the two regions of the cerebral hemispheres, one in each hemisphere, that are posterior to the central fissures and superior to the lateral fissures
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Temporal Lobes
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the two regions of the cerebral hemispheres, one in each hemisphere, that are inferior to the lateral fissures
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Occipital Lobes
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the two regions of the cerebral hemispheres that are at the posterior pole of each hemsphere
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Hypothalamus
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the diencephalic structure that is located just beneath the anterior end of the thalamus; the pituitary gland is suspended from it
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Tectum
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dorsal part of the mesencephalon
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Tegmentum
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ventral part of the mesencephalon
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Pons
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the ventral portion of the metencephalon; its major structures include the fourth ventricle, the metencephalic portion of the reticular formation, many ascending and descending tracts
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Cerebellum
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the large striped metencephalic structure that is situated just dorsal to the pons; it plays a role in the coordination of movement
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Medulla
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the most posterior region of the brain stem; the myelencephalon
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Reticular Formation
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a complex network of nuclei and short interconnecting tracts that is located in the core of the brain stem, from the medulla to the midbrain; its nuclei play a role in controlling many vital body functions and in the promotion of arousal, attention, and sleep
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