Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
240 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Franz Gall |
1758 - 1828
One of the first psychologists to theorize that behavior, intellect, and personality might be linked to brain anatomy.
Developed the doctrine of phrenology. |
|
|
|
phrenology
|
The study of the topography of the skull under the assumption that it was related to development of certain parts of personality.
|
|
|
|
Pierre Flourens
|
The first person to study the functions of the major sections of the brain by using ablation.
|
|
|
|
ablation
|
Also known as extirpation
The surgical removal of various parts of the brain followed by an observation of behavioral changes. |
|
|
|
William James
|
1842 - 1910
Functionalist who linked physiology to emotional experience. |
|
|
|
functionalism
|
A system of thought in psychology that was concerned with studying how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments.
|
|
|
|
John Dewey
|
1859 - 1952
Functionalist who criticized the concept of the reflex arc and believed that psychology should focus on the study of the organism as a whole as it functions in the environment. |
|
|
|
What famous names are associated with functionalism?
|
William James and John Dewey
|
|
|
|
Paul Broca
|
1860; Examined the behavioral deficits of people with brain damage and was the first person to demonstrate that functional impairments could be linked with specific brain lesions. |
|
|
|
Phineas Gage
|
Injured in 1848 when an explosive charge sent a railway tie through the front of his skull which resulted in profound personality changes despite little physical injury.
|
|
|
|
Johannes Müller
|
Identified the law of specific nerve energies.
|
|
|
|
Law of specific nerve energies
|
States that each sensory nerve is excited by only one kind of energy (such as light, air vibrations, etc.) and that the sensation depends on the part of the brain that the nerves stimulate rather than the particular stimulus that activates them. |
|
|
|
Hermann von Helmholtz
|
The first to measure the speed of a nerve impulse.
|
|
|
|
Sir Charles Sherrington
|
The first to infer the existence of synapses.
|
|
|
|
sensory neurons
|
Cells that transmit information from receptors to the spinal cord in the brain.
Also called afferent neurons. |
|
|
|
motor neurons
|
Cells that transmit information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles.
Also called efferent neurons. |
|
|
|
interneurons
|
Found between other neurons and are the most numerous type of neurons.
Located primarily in the brain and spinal cord.
Linked to reflexive behavior. |
|
|
|
reflex arcs
|
Neural circuits that control reflexes.
|
|
|
|
reflexes
|
Control behavior that is critical for survival.
|
|
|
|
What are the 2 primary components of the nervous system?
|
1. The central nervous system
2. The peripheral nervous system |
|
|
|
central nervous system
|
Composed of the brain and the spinal cord.
|
|
|
|
peripheral nervous system
|
Composed of nerve tissue and fibers outside the brain and spinal cord.
|
|
|
|
What are the 2 components of the peripheral nervous system?
|
1. somatic nervous system
2. autonomic nervous system |
|
|
|
somatic nervous system
|
Consists of sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin and muscles.
|
|
|
|
afferent fibers
|
Used to transmit sensory impulses.
|
|
|
|
efferent fibers
|
Used to transmit motor impulses.
|
|
|
|
Walter Cannon
|
Physiologist who studied the autonomic nervous system, including "fight or flight" reactions.
Investigated homeostasis.
With Bard, proposed the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions |
|
|
|
autonomic nervous system
|
Manages the involuntary muscles associated with heartbeat, respiration, temperature control, digestion, and glandular secretions.
|
|
|
|
What are the 2 components of the autonomic nervous system?
|
1. sympathetic nervous system
2. parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
|
sympathetic nervous system
|
Primarily works in response to stressful situations and is closely associated with "fight or flight" reactions.
|
|
|
|
adrenaline
|
The neurotransmitter responsible for sympathetic responses in the body.
|
|
|
|
parasympathetic nervous system
|
Primarily works to conserve energy and promotes "resting and digesting."
|
|
|
|
acetylcholine
|
The neurotransmitter responsible for parasympathetic responses in the body as well as being linked to Alzheimer's disease.
|
|
|
|
What are the 3 basic subdivisions of the brain?
|
1. hindbrain
2. midbrain
3. forebrain |
|
|
|
hindbrain
|
Located where the brain meets the spinal cord.
Functions include balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, and general arousal processes such as sleeping and waking. |
|
|
|
midbrain
|
Manages sensorimotor reflexes.
|
|
|
|
forebrain
|
Associated with complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes.
Associated with memory and emotion; Has the greatest effect on behavior. |
|
|
|
brainstem
|
The combination of the hindbrain and midbrain.
The most primitive region of the brain. |
|
|
|
limbic system
|
A group of neural structures primarily associated with emotion and memory.
The next region of the brain to evolve following the brainstem. |
|
|
|
cerebral cortex
|
The outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres associated with many functions such as language, problem solving, impulse control and planning.
The most recent evolutionary development of the human brain. |
|
|
|
phelogeny
|
The term for evolutionary development in humans.
|
|
|
|
What 4 structures are contained in the hindbrain?
|
1. medulla oblongata 2. pons 3. reticular formation 4. cerebellum |
|
|
|
medulla oblongata
|
Lower brain structure that is responsible for regulating vital functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure.
|
|
|
|
pons
|
Lies above the medulla and contains sensory and motor tracts between the cortex and the medulla.
|
|
|
|
cerebellum
|
Located at the top of the hindbrain and above the pons and helps maintain posture and balance and coordinates movements.
|
|
|
|
reticular formation
|
Extends from the hindbrain into the midbrain and is composed of an intricate network of nerve fibers that regulates the 3 As- arousal, alertness, and attention.
|
|
|
|
What 2 structures are contained in the midbrain?
|
1. superior colliculus
2. inferior colliculus |
|
|
|
superior colliculus
|
Receives visual sensory input. |
superior --> seeing |
|
|
inferior colliculus
|
Receives auditory sensory input.
|
|
|
|
What are the 5 principle structures located in the forebrain?
|
1. cerebral cortex 2. basal ganglia 3. limbic system 4. thalamus 5. hypothalamus |
|
|
|
thalamus
|
Structure within the forebrain that serves as an important relay station for incoming sensory information with the exclusion of that related to smell.
|
|
|
|
What are the 3 subdivisions of the hypothalamus?
|
1. lateral hypothalamus 2. ventromedial hypothalamus 3. anterior hypothalamus |
|
|
|
hypothalamus
|
Serves homeostatic functions, and controls some endocrine (hormone) functions, and manages drive behaviors like the 4 Fs- feeding, fighting, fleeing, and sexual activity.
|
|
|
|
homeostatic functions
|
The self-regulatory processes that maintain a stable equilibrium in the body such as metabolism, temperature, and water balance.
|
|
|
|
osmoregulation
|
The maintenance of water balance in the body.
|
|
|
|
osmoreceptors
|
Perform the function of osmoregulation.
|
|
|
|
lateral hypothalamus (LH)
|
Referred to as the hunger center. |
LH= lacking hunger |
|
|
aphagia
|
Refusal to eat and drink due to ablation of the lateral hypothalamus
|
|
|
|
ventromedial hypothalamus
|
Referred to as the satiety center. |
VH= very hungry |
|
|
hyperphagia
|
Excessive eating due to lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamus.
|
|
|
|
anterior hypothalamus
|
Controls sexual behavior |
damage to Anterior hypothalamus results in Asexual behavior |
|
|
basal ganglia
|
Coordinates movement as it receives information from the cortex and relays this information to the brain and spinal cord making movements smooth and posture steady. |
|
|
|
extrapyramidal motor system
|
Way station between the basal ganglia and the rest of the brain and spinal cord.
|
|
|
|
What are 2 diseases associated with the basal ganglia?
|
1. Parkinson's disease
2. schizophrenia |
|
|
|
ventricles
|
Fluid-filled cavities in the middle of the brain that link to the spinal canal that runs down the middle of the spinal cord.
Enlargement can be an indicator of schizophrenia. |
|
|
|
cerebrospinal fluid
|
Fluid that is contained in the ventricles and spinal canal.
|
|
|
|
Septum
|
One of the primary pleasure centers of the brain which is associated with sexual arousal and inhibition of aggression.
|
|
|
|
James Olds and Peter Milner
|
1950s; Demonstrated that rats would choose self-stimulation of their septal regions over food even after going hungry for 24 hours.
|
|
|
|
septal rage
|
Aggressive behavior that results from damage to the septum.
|
|
|
|
amygdala
|
Structure that plays an important role in defensive and aggressive behaviors.
|
|
|
|
Heinrick Klüver and Paul Bucy
|
Performed studies that linked the amygdala with defensive and aggressive behavior in monkeys.
|
|
|
|
Klüver-Bucy syndrome
|
Bilateral removal of the amygdala that results in docility and hypersexuality.
|
|
|
|
hippocampus
|
Plays an important role in learning and memory processes.
|
|
|
|
H.M.
|
Famous patient who had his temporal lobes removed (including the amygdala and hippocampus) in an attempt to control severe seizures. Afterward his intelligence was intact but he suffered severe and irreparable anterograde amnesia.
|
|
|
|
anterograde amnesia
|
An inability to establish new long-term memories, whereas memory for distant events is usually intact. |
antero= in front of |
|
|
retrograde amnesia
|
Memory loss of events that transpired before brain injury. |
retro= behind |
|
|
cerebral cortex
|
The outer surface of the brain.
|
|
|
|
neocortex
|
Another name for the cortex.
Refers to the fact that this is the most recently evolved part of the brain |
neo= new |
|
|
convolutions
|
The folds in the cortex that increase its surface area.
|
|
|
|
cerebral hemispheres
|
The two halves of the brain.
|
|
|
|
What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
|
1. frontal 2. parietal 3. temporal 4. occipital |
|
|
|
frontal lobe
|
Lobe of the brain that supervises and directs the operations of other brain regions.
|
|
|
|
What are the 2 basic regions of the frontal lobe?
|
1. prefrontal lobe 2. motor cortex |
|
|
|
prefrontal lobe
|
Governs and integrates numerous cognitive and behavior processes.
|
|
|
|
motor cortex
|
A projection area that sends out motor commands to the muscles and controls voluntary movements.
|
|
|
|
association area
|
An area that combines input from diverse brain regions.
|
|
|
|
projection areas
|
Areas that receive incoming sensory information or send out motor-impulse commands.
|
|
|
|
visual cortex
|
Receives visual input from the retina.
|
|
|
|
What is the difference between humans and other mammals in the sizes of projection areas and association areas?
|
Humans have larger association areas and other mammals have larger projection areas.
|
|
|
|
prefrontal lobotomies
|
Surgical procedure used to treat schizophrenia in the 1950s in which a scalpel was inserted through a hole in the skull which disconnected the frontal lobe from the limbic system and hypothalamus.
|
|
|
|
Broca's area
|
A part of the frontal lobe that is vitally important for speech production and is found only in the dominant hemisphere.
|
|
|
|
Broca's aphasia
|
Brain damage that results in loss of ability to produce language; Patient has insight into the problem and is frustrated. |
Broca is broke. Speaks broken words. Frustrated to be broke. |
|
|
parietal lobe
|
Lobe of the brain located to the rear of the frontal lobe and which is associated with somatosensory information processing and spatial manipulation.
|
|
|
|
somatosensory cortex
|
Located in the parietal lobe and is a projection area involved in somatosensory information processing.
|
|
|
|
sensorimotor cortex
|
The combination of the somatosensory cortex and the motor cortex.
|
|
|
|
occipital lobe
|
Lobe of the brain located at the very rear of the brain that is associated with vision, learning, and motor control.
|
|
|
|
striate cortex
|
The visual cortex. |
striate = striped |
|
|
Hubel and Wiesel
|
Accredited with important advances in the understanding of the visual (striate) cortex.
|
|
|
|
temporal lobe
|
Lobe of the brain located on the sides of the head which is associated with language reception and comprehension, memory processing, and emotional control.
|
|
|
|
Wernike's area
|
Area located in the temporal lobe that is responsible for language reception and comprehension.
|
|
|
|
Wernike's aphasia
|
Brain damage that results in inability to understand language.
Patient cannot use correct words to express thoughts but is unaware of the problem.
Results in word salad. |
Wernicke's like what? Makes word salads for a living |
|
|
contralaterally
|
Describes the communication of one side of the brain with the other side of the body.
|
|
|
|
ipsilaterally
|
Describes the communication of one side of the brain with the same side of the body.
|
|
|
|
dominant
|
Describes the left hemisphere for most people, since most people write right handedly.
Primarily analytic in function. |
|
|
|
nondominant
|
Describes the right hemisphere for most people, since most people write right handedly.
Primarily intuitive and creative in function and responsible for spatial processing. |
spacious concert hall --> spatial processing and music |
|
|
corpus callosum
|
A large collection of fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows the sharing of information between them in a coordinated fashion.
|
|
|
|
Sperry and Gazzaniga
|
Studied epileptic patients who had undergone the severing of the corpus callosum in order to control severe seizures resulting in a condition known as "split brain." |
split brain --> Sperry and Gazzaniga |
|
|
What are the 4 main parts of the neuron?
|
1. soma 2. dendrites 3. axon 4. terminal buttons |
|
|
|
soma
|
Part of the neuron containing the nucleus and providing energy to the cell.
|
|
|
|
dendrites
|
Part of the neuron that branches out from the soma to receive incoming information from other neurons via postsynaptic receptors.
|
|
|
|
axon
|
The body of a neuron that extends from the soma to the terminal buttons.
|
|
|
|
neurotransmitters
|
Chemical substances that are released by the vesicles of the neuron whenever it "fires" and then are released into the synapse.
|
|
|
|
terminal buttons
|
The branches at the end of the axon that contain vesicles full of neurotransmitters.
|
|
|
|
synapse
|
The space between adjacent neurons.
|
|
|
|
glial cells
|
Supporting cells in the nervous system that serve to insulate axon. |
glia= glue |
|
|
myelin sheath
|
Protective enclosure make of glial cells present on some neurons that insulate the neuron from other neurons and increases conduction velocity.
|
|
|
|
What are 4 major differences between dendrites and axons?
|
1. Axons can be myelinated and dendrites cannot. 2. Dendrites can change significantly throughout the lifetime while axons stay the same. 3. When damaged, dendrites can regenerate and axons cannot. 4. Dendrites receive information and axons transmit information. |
|
|
|
Neural conduction within the neuron is a(n) ___________ process while conduction between neurons is a(n) __________ process.
|
electrical, chemical
|
|
|
|
resting potential
|
A slight negative charge stored inside the neuron's cell membrane when a nerve is waiting for an impulse.
|
|
|
|
cell membrane
|
A thin, semipermeable layer of fatty molecules that separates the inside of the neuron from the outside.
|
|
|
|
membrane potential
|
The resting charge of the cell membrane.
|
|
|
|
semipermeable
|
Describes a partial barrier that allows some substances to pass through but blocks the passage of others.
|
|
|
|
ions
|
Small, electrically charged particles; smaller ones can pass through a semipermeable membrane while larger ones cannot.
|
|
|
|
Many ions trapped inside the cell membrane have a _________ charge.
|
negative
|
|
|
|
polarized
|
Describes the fact that the net charge inside a neuron is negative when the neuron is at rest.
|
|
|
|
sodium-potassium pump
|
The neuron's mechanism for maintaining a slight negative charge inside the cell membrane at rest by moving positively charged sodium ions back outside the cell and maintaining negatively charged potassium ions inside the cell.
|
|
|
|
What 4 stages are involved in the firing of a neuron?
|
1. resting potential 2. depolarization 3. action potential spike 4. hyperpolarization |
|
|
|
depolarization
|
Occurs when a stimulus has been significant enough to cause a membrane's potential to increase to the threshold potential.
This is the "firing of the neuron." |
|
|
|
action potential spike
|
A pulse that occurs when a cell membrane's charge becomes suddenly positive when because depolarization has turned off the sodium-potassium pump and potassium ions flow freely into the cell.
|
|
|
|
repolarization
|
The cell membrane's quick switch back to a negative charge during the 3rd stage of nerve impulse transmission when potassium ions rush back outside the membrane.
|
|
|
|
hyperpolarization
|
A temporary state of a neuron in which it is too negatively charged when the neuron first returns to its resting potential.
|
|
|
|
refractory period
|
The time in which a neuron is hyperpolarized, preventing the neuron from returning to its resting potential.
|
|
|
|
What are the 2 stages of the refractory period?
|
1. absolute refractory period
2. relative refractory period. |
|
|
|
absolute refractory period
|
The achievement of an action potential, during which another impulse cannot be received.
|
|
|
|
relative refractory period
|
Period of time during hyperpolarization during which an impulse is inhibited because a stronger stimulation would be required to reach threshold potential.
|
|
|
|
all-or-nothing law
|
The law that states that an action potential occurs when depolarization reaches the critical threshold and that the voltage always peaks at the same intensity regardless of the intensity of the stimulation that triggered it.
|
|
|
|
axon hillock
|
A small elevation on a neuron where the axon meets the cell body; location of the graded potential.
|
|
|
|
graded potential
|
Voltages that can vary in intensity. |
|
|
|
saltatory conduction
|
Efficient conduction of a nerve impulse along a myelinated axon.
|
|
|
|
nodes of Ranvier
|
Gaps in the myelin sheath along an axon.
Depolarization jumps from one to the next along an axon and skips over the myelinated portions in between, speeding up transmission and without losing any voltage intensity along the axon. |
|
|
|
synaptic cleft
|
Another name for the synapse.
|
|
|
|
presynaptic membrane
|
The membrane of the terminal button that faces the synapse.
|
|
|
|
postsynaptic membrane
|
The membrane of the dendrite which contains receptors.
|
|
|
|
Within the synapse, what 3 things can happen to neurotransmitters?
|
1. They can attach themselves to receptor sites in the postsynaptic membranes.
2. They can remain in the synapse where they are destroyed and washed away by other biochemical substances.
3. They can undergo reuptake. |
|
|
|
reuptake
|
The withdrawal of neurotransmitters back into the vesicles of the terminal buttons.
|
|
|
|
binding
|
The attachment of a neurotransmitter to an appropriately sized and shaped receptor leading to the communication between the two adjacent cells.
|
|
|
|
What 2 affects can neurotransmitters have on postsynaptic potentials?
|
1. It can make the neuron more likely to fire.
2. It can make the neuron less likely to fire. |
|
|
|
excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
|
The increase in probability that a neuron will fire as a result of a neurotransmitter binding.
|
|
|
|
inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
|
The decrease in probability that a neuron will fire as a result of a neurotransmitter binding.
|
|
|
|
Are postsynaptic potentials in dendrites subject to the all-or-nothing law or are they graded potentials?
|
graded potentials.
|
|
|
|
Eric Kandel
|
Studied habituation in sea snails and demonstrated that changes in synaptic transmission underlie changes in behavior.
|
|
|
|
habituation
|
Learning to ignore stimulation when it is perceived to be harmless.
|
|
|
|
Alzheimer's disease
|
An illness resulting in progressive and permanent memory loss and is associated with a loss of acetylcholine in neurons that connect with the hippocampus.
|
|
|
|
catecholamines
|
A class of neurotransmitters that are associated with the experience of emotions and include epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
|
|
|
|
monoamines
|
Another name for catecholamines or biogenic amines.
|
|
|
|
norepinephrine
|
Involved in controlling alertness and wakefulness and is implicated in mood disorders such as depression (too little of it) and mania (too much of it).
|
|
|
|
dopamine
|
A neurotransmitter that plays an important role in movement and posture and is found in high concentrations in the basal ganglia.
|
|
|
|
dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
|
Argues that delusions, hallucinations, and agitation associated with schizophrenia arise from either too much dopamine or from an oversensitivity to dopamine in the brain.
|
|
|
|
Amphetamines produce excessive __________ activity and long-term use of them can produce ___________.
|
dopamine, amphetamine psychosis
|
|
|
|
phenothiazines
|
A class of drugs inclusive of antipsychotics that reduce schizophrenic symptoms by reducing sensitivity of dopamine receptors.
|
|
|
|
Parkinson's disease
|
Disease that results in loss of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia (specifically the substantia nigra) and causes resting tremors and jerky motor movements.
|
|
|
|
tardive dyskinesia
|
Parkinsonian side effects that can result from long-term use of antipsychotics.
|
|
|
|
L-dopa
|
A synthetic substance that increases dopamine levels in the brain and is used to treat motor disturbances in Parkinson's disease.,
Potential side effects include psychotic symptoms. |
|
|
|
blood-brain barrier
|
Responsible for mediating which chemicals can have an affect on the brain.,
This mediation is why oral dopamine cannot be used to treat Parkinson's. |
|
|
|
serotonin
|
Loosely classified as a monoamine, a neurotransmitter that is thought to play roles in regulating mood, eating, sleeping, and arousal and, clinically, thought to be related to depression and mania.
|
|
|
|
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
|
A class of antidepressants that manages the oversupply of serotonin that produces mania and the undersupply of serotonin that produces depression.
|
|
|
|
monoamine theory of depression
|
The theory that oversupplies of norepinephrine and serotonin lead to mania and undersupplies of them lead to depression.
|
|
|
|
GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid)
|
A neurotransmitter that produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and is thought to play an important role in stabilizing neural activity in the brain.
Acts by causing hyperpolarization in the postsynaptic membrane. |
|
|
|
peptides
|
Two amino acids that are joined together that are involved in neurotransmission and include endorphins.
|
|
|
|
neuromodulators
|
Also known as neuropeptides, Are relatively slow and have longer effects on postsynaptic cells than neurotransmitters.
|
|
|
|
endorphins
|
A class of peptides that are similar in structure to morphine and other opiates.
|
|
|
|
psychopharmacology
|
The science of how drugs affect behavior.
|
|
|
|
sedative-hypnotic drugs
|
Also known as depressants.
Include the benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and alcohol.
Act to slow down the functioning of the central nervous system- at low doses they reduce anxiety, at medium doses they produce sedation, and at high doses they produce anesthesia or coma. |
|
|
|
synergistic
|
A word that describes medications that are additive in effect.
|
|
|
|
benzodiazepines
|
Drugs that facilitate and enhance the action of GABA and are tranquilizers often used to reduce anxiety; includes Valium.
|
|
|
|
barbiturates
|
Drugs that facilitate and enhance the action of GABA and are relatively potent tranquilizers that are often used as sedatives.
|
|
|
|
alcohol
|
A sedative-hypnotic that can result in memory disturbances.
|
|
|
|
Korsakoff's syndrome
|
A disease that is developed by some chronic alcoholics that produces anterograde amnesia and results from vitamin deficiencies in thiamin and B1 which arises from malnutrition that often co-occurs with alcoholism.
|
|
|
|
behavioral stimulants
|
A class of drugs that increase behavioral activity by increasing motor activity or counteracting fatigue and include amphetamines, tricyclics, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and methylphenidate.
|
|
|
|
amphetamines
|
Drugs that speed up the central nervous system in ways that mimic the action of the sympathetic nervous system and are thought to stimulate receptors for dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.
|
|
|
|
antidepressants
|
Drugs that elevate mood, increase overall activity level and appetite, and improve sleep pattern and include the tricyclics and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
|
|
|
|
tricyclics
|
Thought to reduce depression by blocking the reuptake of monoamines (norepinephrine and serotonin) and, therefore, facilitating their transmission.
|
|
|
|
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
|
Thought to reduce depression by inhibiting the action of an enzyme that breaks down and deactivates norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse.
|
|
|
|
methylphenidate
|
The drug known as Ritalin which is used to treat attention deficit disorder.
|
|
|
|
antipsychotics
|
Drugs that are prescribed to treat delusional thinking, hallucinations, and agitation by blocking receptors for dopamine and include chlorpromazine, phenothiazine, and Haldol.
|
|
|
|
lithium carbonate
|
Prescribed as a mood stabilizer to treat bipolar disorder.
|
|
|
|
narcotics
|
Pain-relieving drugs that bind to opiate receptors in the brain and include opium, heroin, and morphine.
|
|
|
|
psychedelics
|
A mixed class of drugs that alter sensory perception and cognitive processes.
|
|
|
|
endocrine system
|
Communication network in the body that employs hormones as chemical messengers and is involved in slow and continuous bodily processes.
|
|
|
|
pituitary gland
|
The "master gland" of the endocrine system that is located in the base of the brain.
|
|
|
|
What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland?
|
1. anterior
2. posterior |
|
|
|
anterior pituitary gland
|
Releases the hormones into the bloodstream that regulate the activities of the endocrine system under the direction of the hypothalamus.
|
|
|
|
primary sex characteristics
|
Sex characteristics that are present at birth and include sex organs and exterior genitalia.
|
|
|
|
androgens
|
A hormone class that includes testosterone that is produced under the direction of the Y chromosome and prompts the development of male primary sex characteristics.
|
|
|
|
androgen-insensitivity syndrome
|
The anatomic development of female primary sex characteristics in a child that is genetically male due to the lack of production of androgens.
|
|
|
|
gonadotropins
|
Hormones that are produced and released by the pituitary gland during puberty that prompt the development of secondary sex characteristics.
|
|
|
|
secondary sex characteristics
|
Sex characteristics that develop during puberty such as the voice deepening, the production of sperm, and the growth of facial hair in males and the beginning of menstruation and development of breasts in females.
|
|
|
|
thyroid
|
Gland that affects metabolism rate and some functions of growth and development.
|
|
|
|
follicle-stimulating hormone
|
Hormone that stimulates the growth of an ovarian follicle.
|
|
|
|
luteinizing hormone
|
Hormone that is associated with ovulation.
|
|
|
|
What 2 hormones are produced by the ovaries?
|
1. estrogen
2. progesterone |
|
|
|
estrogen
|
Increasing levels of this hormone are associated with the maturation and release of the egg (ovum) from the ovary.
|
|
|
|
progesterone
|
Hormone that prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg. |
progesterone promotes pregnancy |
|
|
neuropsychology
|
The study of functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain.
Often applied to research settings and the treatment of brain lesions in clinical settings. |
|
|
|
What is one problem with studying human patients with brain lesions?
|
Brain lesions are rarely isolated to one region of the brain.
|
|
|
|
ablation
|
Also known as extirpation.
A surgically induced brain lesion as used in neuropsychology research. |
|
|
|
stereotaxic instrument
|
Tiny electrodes that are inserted into the brain and that selectively apply intense heat, cold, or electricity to specific brain region to make lesions or stimulate neuron activity in neuropsychology research.
|
|
|
|
Wilder Penfield
|
Neurosurgeon who used electrodes and electrical stimulation techniques to map out different parts of the brain during surgery.
|
|
|
|
Hubel and Wiesel
|
Studied single-cell recording of neuron activity in the visual cortex of cats.
|
|
|
|
Electroencephalograph
|
A method for detecting and recording broad patterns of electrical activity in the brain by placing several electrodes on the surface of the head.
|
|
|
|
Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)
|
Detects broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain.
|
|
|
|
CAT scans, PET scans, and MRIs
|
Noninvasive, computerized scanning devices that generate pictures of the brain.
|
|
|
|
A. R. Luria
|
Russian neurologist who studied how brain damage leads to impairment in sensory, motor, and language functions.
|
|
|
|
agnosia
|
Impairment in perceptual recognition as a result of damage to the visual cortex. |
agnosia = "not knowing" |
|
|
apraxia
|
Impairment in the organization of motor action as a result of damage to the motor cortex. |
apraxia = "inability to act" |
|
|
dementias
|
A class of neurological disorders characterized by a loss in intellectual functioning.
|
|
|
|
What would happen if the reticular formation were to become detached from the cortex as the result of an accident?
|
The patient would sleep most of the day.
|
|
|
|
circadian rhythms
|
The internal regulation of a daily cycle of sleeping and waking.
|
|
|
|
What are the 5 EEG patterns that correspond to different stages of waking and sleeping?
|
1. beta 2. alpha 3. theta 4. delta 5. REM activity |
BAT-D and REM |
|
|
beta waves
|
Brain waves that have a high frequency and result from the random firing of neurons and occur when the person is alert or attending to some mental task that requires concentration. |
Beta waves Beat all the others. |
|
|
alpha waves
|
Brain waves that have a slightly lower frequency than beta waves that result from more synchronized firing of neurons and occur when a person is awake but relaxing.
|
|
|
|
Sleep Stage 1
|
Detected on an EEG by the appearance of sleep spindles and is characterized by waves with slower frequencies and more irregular waveforms.
|
|
|
|
sleep spindles
|
Short bursts of alpha waves.
|
|
|
|
Sleep Stage 2
|
Detected on an EEG by the appearance of theta waves and "K complexes."
|
|
|
|
theta waves
|
Brain waves that have a lower frequency than alpha waves and appear in Sleep Stage 2.
|
|
|
|
Sleep Stage 3
|
Detected on an EEG by progressively slower delta waves that eventually only occur a few per second.
|
|
|
|
delta waves
|
Brain waves that are low frequency and high voltage. |
DElta waves mean DEep sleep |
|
|
Sleep Stage 4
|
The deepest sleep state of the full sleep cycle in which the delta waveform reaches its slowest rate and sleep spindles are their steepest.
|
|
|
|
rapid eye movement (REM)
|
The stage of sleep that we spend the most time in which is characterized by brain waves that look like beta waves (although they are desynchronized), relaxed muscle tone, and constantly moving eyes.
|
|
|
|
During what stage of sleep do night terrors, sleep walking, and sleep talking tend to occur?
|
non-REM sleep
|
|
|
|
What happens if a person is deprived of sleep for an extreme period of time?
|
The person will begin to experience extreme distress and sometimes even have hallucinations.
|
|
|
|
What happens if a person is deprived only of REM sleep?
|
The person will be irritable during waking hours.
|
|
|
|
REM rebound
|
The compensation of loss of REM sleep by spending more time than usual in REM sleep.
|
|
|
|
insomnia
|
A disturbance affecting the ability to fall asleep or stay asleep.
|
|
|
|
narcolepsy
|
A condition that is characterized by a lack of voluntary control over the onset of sleep.
|
|
|
|
sleep apnea
|
The inability to breathe during sleep, sometimes for more than a minute.
|
|
|
|
James-Lange theory of emotions
|
The theory that we become aware of our emotions after we notice a physiological reaction to some external event, emphasizing the role of the peripheral nervous system.
|
|
|
|
Cannon-Bard theory of emotions
|
The theory that bodily changes and emotional feelings occur simultaneously.
|
|
|
|
Schacter and Singer
|
Proposed the two-factor theory of emotion that posits that we feel a physiological arousal and interpret an emotion based on situation cues in the absence of a clear emotion-provoking stimulus. |
|
|
|
|
|
