Psychology Exam 1

Front 1

determinism

Back 1

the assumption that everything that happens has a cause or determinant, in the observable world

Front 2

free will

Back 2

the belief that behavior is caused by a person's independent decisions is known as this

Front 3

developmental psychology

Back 3

study how behavior changes with age

Front 4

learning and motivation

Back 4

studies how behavior depends on the outcomes of past behaviors and current motivations

Front 5

cognitive psychology

Back 5

studies the processes of thought and knowledge

Front 6

evolutionary psychology

Back 6

explains behavior in terms of the evolutionary history of the species

Front 7

clinical psychology

Back 7

advanced degree, understanding and helping people with psychological problems

Front 8

psychiatry

Back 8

branch of medicine that deals with emotional disturbances.

Front 9

dualism

Back 9

mind is separate from from the brain but somehow controls the brain, and therefore the rest of the body.

Front 10

monism

Back 10

view that conscious experience is inseparable from the physical brain

Front 11

Wilhelm Wundt

Back 11

father of scientific psychology. 'psychology should be like any other science'. first psychology lab in Germany.

Front 12

Aristotle

Back 12

all knowledge is learned via experience

Front 13

Plato

Back 13

all knowledge is innate

Front 14

empiricism

Back 14

science of observation, has to be systematic observation. basis for experimentation

Front 15

parsimony

Back 15

you get to the point pretty quickly. taking simplest explanation over a complex one.

Front 16

public verification

Back 16

can other people replicate your findings?

Front 17

Description
[goal of psychology]

Back 17

want to be able to describe behavior

Front 18

Explanation
[goal of psychology]

Back 18

why are errors occurring? poor teaching habits

Front 19

Predictions
[goal of psychology]

-hypothesis

Back 19

'if' 'then' statements

- testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables.

Front 20

Control
[goal of psychology]

Back 20

shows mastery over something

Front 21

Improvement
[goal of psychology]

Back 21

improve human conditions.

Front 22

case study
[data collection method]

Back 22

in depth study of one subject
-clinical- freud
-developmental-piaget

Front 23

Observational studies
[data collection method]

Back 23

Hawthorne effect. when someone is watching you, you may not act the same way.

Front 24

surveys

Back 24

part of the data collection method

Front 25

experimentation
[data collection method]

Back 25

something is manipulated. golden standard.

Front 26

populations vs. samples

Back 26

population- all members of group

sample- small segment of population

Front 27

correlation

negative
positive

Back 27

measure of the relationship between two variables.

negative- inverse relationship, one increases while other decreases!

positive- as one variable increases, so does the other.

Front 28

independent variables

Back 28

item that an experimenter changes or controls

what we manipulate

ex. amount of violent television that people are allowed to watch.

Front 29

dependent variables

Back 29

the item that an experimenter measures to determine how it was affected.

what we measure

Front 30

confounding variables

Back 30

might cause alternate explanations of data

Front 31

informed consent

Back 31

a statement that they have been told what to expect and that they agree to continue

Front 32

APA ethics and guidelines

Back 32

-informed consent
-freedom to withdraw at any time
-protection from harm
-debriefing
-confidentiality
-animal participants

Front 33

mean

Back 33

the average of the numbers
add them all up and then divide by how may there are.

Front 34

mode

Back 34

what occurs most fequently

Front 35

median

Back 35

we arrange all the scores from highest to lowest. the middle score is the median.

Front 36

range

Back 36

highest AND lowest scores

Front 37

variance

Back 37

EACH SCORE-mean then ^2 EACH score after the mean has been subtracted. the ADD them ALL up and take the AVERAGE.

Front 38

standard deviation

Back 38

square root of the variance.

Front 39

central nervous system

Back 39

consists of the brain and the spinal cord

communicates with the rest of the body.

Front 40

peripheral nervous system

Back 40

bundles of nerves between the spinal cord and the rest of the body.

sensory information from the rest of the body

Front 41

somatic

Back 41

voluntary

Front 42

autonomic nervous system

Back 42

involuntary
controls heart, stomach, and other organs.

Front 43

sympathetic

Back 43

expends energy

Front 44

parasympathetic

Back 44

conserves energy

Front 45

Three major divisions of the brain

Back 45

Hindbrain
Forebrain
Midbrain

Front 46

Forebrain

Back 46

consists of two hemispheres, a right and a left. each responsible for sensation and motor control on the opposite side of the body.

Front 47

Hypothalamus
(forebrain)

Back 47

motivated behavior- food, sex, drink
damaged- can regulate these things.

Front 48

Hippocampus
(forebrain)

Back 48

formation of new memories
damaged- difficulty learning new information.

Front 49

amygdala
(forebrain)

Back 49

aggressive behavior, if damaged, can't control anger.

Front 50

Thalamus
(forebrain)

Back 50

sensory info
damaged- signals sent to the wrong place.

Front 51

cerebellum
(hindbrain)

Back 51

balance and coordination
damaged-difficulty walking and standing

Front 52

pons
(hindbrain)

Back 52

dreaming, sleep
damaged- have difficulty sleeping or staying awake.

Front 53

Medulla
(hindbrain)

Back 53

heart rate, breathing.
damaged- you will die.

Front 54

Septum
(forebrain)

Back 54

fear regulation
damaged- regulating fear problems.

Front 55

reticular activating system
(hindbrain)

Back 55

works with arousal and alert. keeps the brain awake
damaged- can't stay alert.

Front 56

mid brain

Back 56

sensory function
damaged- won't pass along

Front 57

cerebral cortex

Back 57

the outer covering of the forebrain

we describe the forebrain in terms of four lobes: occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal.

left hem- associated with language
right-associated with visual-spital info

Front 58

occipital lobe

Back 58

seeing
damaged- difficulty processing vision.

Front 59

parietal lobe

Back 59

pressure, pain, body BODY PERCEPTIONS
damaged-
LEFT= difficulty writing
RIGHT=difficulty drawing

Front 60

temporal lobe

Back 60

hearing
damaged-
LEFT= speech comp
RIGHT= spacial info

Wernicke's aphasia

Front 61

frontal lobe

Back 61

motor processing, planning of movements, events happening recently.

Broca's aphasia

Front 62

neurons

Back 62

nerve cells

Front 63

axons

Back 63

sends messages to other neurons

Front 64

stoma

Back 64

cell body which processes it

Front 65

sensory neurons

Back 65

messages from body to CNS

Front 66

motor neurons

Back 66

action messages from CNS

Front 67

interneurons

Back 67

how motor and sensory neurons communicate.

Front 68

synapse

Back 68

gaps between axon of sending neurons and dendrites of receiving neuron.

Front 69

neurotransmitters

Back 69

over 40 have been identified, only focus on 3

its chemicals

Front 70

acetylcholine

Back 70

learning and memory,

Front 71

dopamine

Back 71

movement, attention, memory,

to little and you have Parkinson's, tremors
have to have the protein to build this stuff.

Front 72

seratonin

Back 72

arousal, sleep, mood, appetite.

high levels, difficulty sleeping. to little, sleeping all the time.