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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a feature in the environment that is detected by an organism or that leads to a change in behavior |
stimulus |
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a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit an unconditioned response when that neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that normally causes an unconditioned response |
classical conditioning |
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the reappearance of an extinguished response after some time has passed |
spontaneous recovery |
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an encouraging stimulus that increases the frequency of a behavior when it is presented |
positive reinforcement |
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Ivan Pavlov’s experiments with dogs yielded information about _______ ______ |
Classical conditioning |
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A conditioned response occurs as a result of pairing an _______ _______ with a _________ ________ |
unconditional response, conditioned response |
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Classical conditioning is useful to animals and people because it helps them: -Adapt to their _________ -Deal with dangerous _______ -Avoid _______ ______ |
environment, situations, poisonous foods |
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Through operant conditioning, people learn to control ________ ________ |
Voluntary responses |
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The process by which stimulus increases the chances of a preceding behavior occurring again is called _______ |
Reinforcement |
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The process of learning to ride a bicycle is an example of _______ |
Shaping |
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B.F. Skinner designed a device called a “teaching machine” for an educational method known as ______ _______ |
Programmed learning |
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Cognitive psychologists view learning as _______ |
Purposeful |
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People who watch a lot of violence on television are more likely to be violent in part because of ______ ______ |
Observational learning |
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An effective method for dealing with misbehaving elementary-school children is _______ ________ |
Positive reinforcement |
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Most psychologists suggest that punishment by corporal punishment is not the best way to deal with a problem because it: May cause children to learn to _____ May cause a child to ____ _____ Does not teach the correct way to _____ |
hit, run away, act |
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a memory of a specific experienced event |
episodic memory |
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the repetition of new information in an attempt to keep from forgetting it |
maintenance rehearsal |
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the process of recalling information from memory storage |
retrieval |
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a mental process for organizing information into meaningful units, or “chunks” |
chunking |
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an idea or a mental framework that helps one organize and interpret information |
schema |
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The skills needed for riding a bicycle are stored as _______ _______ |
Procedural memory |
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Facts learned in classes at school become part of the ______ ______ |
Generic memory |
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Flashbulb memories are so vivid because they recall ______ with ______ ______ |
events, special meanings |
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Computers and people both handle information using the processes of ________, _______, _______ |
Encoding, storage, retrieval |
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A visual code helps a person remember a fact by creating a _____ ______ |
mental picture |
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Studying for a test in the same room in which it will be held may result in a better grade because of ___________ ________ |
Context-dependent memory |
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Eyewitnesses memory of a crime can be distorted by _______ |
Hypnosis |
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The first stage of memory is ________ memory |
Sensory |
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Information in short-term memory lasts for ________ _________ |
Several seconds |
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The average person can hold in short-term memory a list of ______ items |
Seven |
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In order to remember facts for a long period of time, facts must be transferred from _________ memory to ________ memory |
short-term, long-term |
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We can easily remember bits of information by organizing them into mental representations of the world called _______ |
Schemas |
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The easiest of the three basic memory tasks is ________ |
Recognition |
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Most people forget things because of the normal process of _______ and _______ |
Interference and decay |
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According to Sigmund Freud, repression is a reaction to _______ and ________ ________ |
Painful and unpleasant memories |
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A person trying to learn the vocabulary of a foreign language can remember the foreign words by: -Maintenance ______ -Constructing _______ to something already _____ -Using ______ associates |
rehearsals links, familiar paired |
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Relating new information to something already known is helps a person remember facts by requiring deeper ________ about the ________ |
thoughts, information |
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Infantile amnesia is probably the result of: -The immaturity of the _________ -Undeveloped _______ abilities -The ________ nature of infants |
hippocampus, language, present-oriented |
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a mental structure used to categorize objects, people, or events that share similar characteristics |
concept |
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a problem-solving method that involves reducing the difference between the present situation and the desired one |
difference reduction |
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a barrier to problem solving that involves the tendency to think of objects only in terms of their common use |
functional fixedness |
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a form of thinking that involves using individual cases or particular facts to reach a general conclusion |
inductive reasoning |
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the ways in which words and phrases are arranged into grammatical sentences |
syntax |
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the inborn ability of humans to acquire language |
language acquisition device |
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The beginning of true language in babies occurs when they start ________ ________ |
Learning words |
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Most psychologists argue that the chimpanzees cannot truly speak a language because the animals cannot combine _______ in original, grammatically _______ ways |
symbols, correct |
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What type of thinking is most closely related to language? ________ making ________ solving ________ |
Decision Problem Reasoning |
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A person’s inborn tendency to acquire language is known as the _______ ______ ______ |
language acquisition device |
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Young children who have just learned grammar rules often _______ use words that they had used _______ before |
Incorrectly, correctly |
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Studies suggest that bilingualism increases children's ______ in their _______ language |
expertise, native |
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The mental activity involved in communicating information is ______ |
Thinking |
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Young children often exhibit the behavior of overextension, in which they try to ______ about more things than they have _______ for |
talk, words |
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Psychologists believe that a second language is most easily learned during _______ _______ |
early childhood |
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Prototypes make concepts easier to understand by allowing us to _______ a specific ______ of the ______ |
Picture, example, concept |
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People tend to be overconfident of their reasoning because they: -Do not realize how flimsy their _______ is -Ignore ______ that ______ with their opinions -Tend to bring about things they ______ in |
evidence examples, conflict believe |
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After scientists collect information to support a theory, they can _____ be sure that it is _____ in all cases |
never, true |
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knowledge and skills gained from experience and education |
achievement |
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the ration of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100; the average performance for an age is assigned a score of 100 |
intelligence quotient |
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the extent to which a test yields consistent results |
reliability |
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the proportion of variation among individuals that can be attributed to genes |
heritability |
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Studies have shown that musical abilities may be linked to ______ ______ ability |
Spatial reasoning ability |
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About half of the people who take the Wechsler tests score between ____ and _____ |
90 and 110 |
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Intelligence involves the ability to: -Learn from ________ -Think _______ -Deal effectively with the ________ |
experience rationally enivironment |
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One of the main purposes of intelligence tests is to ________ with people with very ____ and very _____ IQs |
Identify, low, high |
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Mildly retarded adults are often able to: -Read and do ______ -Hold ______ -Take care of ______ |
arithmetic, jobs, themselves |
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The distribution of IQ scores on a graph looks like a ______ ______ |
bell curve |
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Constant supervision and care is required for people who are _______ _______ |
Severely retarded |
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Mental retardation is caused by: -Difficulties during ______ -_______ or _______ abuse by pregnant women -_______ disorders |
birth Drug or alcohol Genetic |
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Kinship studies have shown that the groups with the most similar IQ scores were _______ _______ |
Identical twins |
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The home environment and styles of parenting influence the ________ of a child's ________ |
development, intelligence |
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The Seattle Study found that intelligence can be maintained among older adults if they: -Have flexible ________ -Attend _______ events -Have an intact ______ life |
personalities cultural family |
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Most adoptee studies show that the IQ of adopted children are more like those of their ______ ______ |
Biological parents |
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About half of psychologists surveyed believe that the differences in IQ scores among people are the result of both environment and _______ |
Heredity |
