Psychology Chapter 6 Memory

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Memory

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the mental process that enables you to retain and retieve information over time.

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Fundamental processes of memory

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encoding, storage, retrieval.

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Encoding

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the process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into and retained by the memory system.

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Storage

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the process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time.

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Retrieval

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the process of recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it.

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Sensory memory

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the stage of memory that registers information from the environment, large capacity for information duration is 1/4 to 3 seconds.

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Short-term memory

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new information is transferred from sensory memory, old information is retrieved from ling term memory. limited capacity, duration is about 20 seconds.

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Long-term memory

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the stage of memory that represents the long-term storage of information. unlimited capacity, potentially permanent.

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George Sperlings experiment

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Flashed images of 12 letters on a screen for 1/20 second, they were arranged in four rows of three letters. the screen went blank and the subjects recalled the letters that they remembered seeing. on average on 4 or 5 letters out of the 12 were remembered.

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Maintenance rehearsal

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The mental or verbal repetition in order to maintain it beyong the usual 20 second duration of the short-term memory.

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Elaborative rehearsal

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Rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory.

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Alan Baddeleys Model of working behavior

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1. Phonological loop: is specialized for verbal material, lists of numbers or words.
2. Visuospatial Sketchpad: spatial or visual material, remembering layouts of a room or city.
3. Central Executive: Controls attention, integrates information, manages activities of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad.

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Serial Position Effect

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The tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list is better than items in the middle.

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Semantic Memory

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Category of long term memory that includes memories of general knowledge, concepts, facts, and names.

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Episodic memory

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Category of long-term memory that includes memories of particular events

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Procedural memory

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category of long term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions.

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Recognition

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A test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct information out of several possible choices

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Recall

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a test of long-term memory that involves retrieving information without the aid of retrieval cues.

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Cued Recall

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A test of long term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue.

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Chunking

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Increasing the amount of information that can be held in a short term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit, or chunk.

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Clustering

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Organizing items into related groups furing recall from long term memory.

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Schemas

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An organized cluster if nformation about a particular topic.

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Script

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A schema for the typical sequence of an everyday event.

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Implicit memory

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Information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected.

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Explicit memory

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Information or knowledge that can be consciously recollected.

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Ebbinghaus forgetting cue

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at first: rapid forgetting of some information relatvely soon after he learned the nonsense syllables, then very little memory loss of the remaining information over the course of the following several weeks.

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Proactive interference

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forgetting in which an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory: forward acting memory interference.

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Retroactive interference

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Forgetting in which a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory: backwards acting memory interference.

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Ecoding failure

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the inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long-term memory.

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Source Confusion

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a memory distorton that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgetten.

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Imagination inflation

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a memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occured.

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Flashbulb memories

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the recall of a very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event; details may or may not be accurate.

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Elizabeth Loftus's automoble accident study

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how fast were the cars going?... smashed, bumped, collided.

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Techniques to improve your memory

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space study sessions, sleep after studying, focus your attention, commit necessary time, orgainze the information, elaborate on the material, use visual imagery, explain it to a friend, reduce subject interference, counter act the serial position effect, use contex cues.

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Hippocampus

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Encodes and transfers new explicit memories to long term memory.