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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition: Memory
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Answer: learning that has persisted over time, information that has beenstored and can be retrieved
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Definition: Encoding
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Answer: getting theinformation into our brain
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Definition: Storage
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Answer: retaining information
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Definition: Retrieval
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Answer: getting the info later
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Who are Atkinson and Shiffrin?
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Answer: Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin are known for proposing the "unconscious processing" theory for memory
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What are the three stages of unconscious processing?
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Answer:
1) Record memories as fleeting sensory memory 2) Process info into short term memory bin, where it is encoded through rehearsal 3) Info moves into long term memory for retrieval |
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What is the major flaw of unconscious processing?
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Answer: Some info skips the first two steps and directlygets coded through long term memory, working memory (short term memory) whichgets selected through consciousness on which is more important and worthy ofbeing put into long term memory
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Definition: Automatic processing
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Answer: the unconscious encoding of incidental information
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What are the information types encoded by automatic processing?
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space: the location one is when the memory takes place time: the recreation of the sequence of the activities in chronological order frequency: how many times thing occurs well-learned information: things that are very familiar, such as vocab from one’s first language |
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Definition: Effortful processing
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Answer: memories encoded with conscious effort thatproduce durable and accessible memories
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Definition: Rehearsal
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Answer: the method toboost our memory through conscious repetition
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Definition: Spacing effect
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Answer: tendency for distributed studyto yield better long-term retention than is gained by practice
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Definition: Serial position effect
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Answer: tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
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What are the ways to encode information?
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Answer:
visual encoding: encoding of images acoustic encoding: encoding of sound semantic encoding: encoding of meaning |
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Definition: Mnemonics
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Answer: memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
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Definition: Chunking
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Answer: it’s easier to recall information when organized into familiar, manageable chunks
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Definition: Hierarchies
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Answer: organization composed of a few broadconcepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts
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Who is Sperling?
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Answer: George Sperling experimented with memory, eventually discovering "iconic memory"
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Definition: Iconic Memory
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Answer: fleeting photographic memory where the eyes registeran exact representation of a scene, and can be recalled with amazing accuracyfor only a moment
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Definition: Echoic memory
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Answer: fleeting auditory memory that enables us to recall a couple words spoken from the mind's echo chamber
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Definition: Long-term potentiation (LTP)
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Answer: increase in a synapse’s firing potential after rapid stimulation, which is believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
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Definition: Flashbulb memories
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Answer: perceived clarity of memories of surprising, significantevents
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Definition: Amnesia
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Answer: the loss of memory
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What is the difference between implicit memory and explicit memory?
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Answer: Implicit memory: retention independent of conscious recollection (Also called nondeclarative memory)Explicit memory: memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare” (Also called declarative memory) |
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What are the three R's of Recall?
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Answer: Recall: a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank testRecognition: a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test Relearning: a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time |
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Definition: Priming
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Answer: the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
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What is Mood-congruent memory?
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Answer: the tendency to recallexperiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
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What are the three sins of forgetting?
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Absent-mindedness: inattention to details leads to encoding failure Transience: storage decay over time Blocking: inaccessibility of stored information |
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What are the three sins of distortion?
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Misattribution: confusing the source of information Suggestibility: the lingering effects of misinformation Bias: belief-colored recollections |
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What is the one sin of intrusion?
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Persistence: unwanted memories |
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What are the two types of interference?
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Proactive interference: the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information Retroactive interference: the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
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Definition: Repression
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Answer: the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
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Definition: Misinformation effect
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Answer: incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event
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Definition: Source amnesia
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Answer: attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
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How do you improve memory? C:
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Answer:
Study repeatedly. Make the material meaningful. Activate retrieval cues. Use mnemonic devices. Minimize interference. Sleep more. Test your own knowledge, both to rehearse it and to help determine what you do not yet know. |
